application layer
• The application layer is the first layer in the
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) seven-layer
model and in the TCP/IP Model.
• provides a firm communication .
• Some services provided by application layer
includes:
• E-Mail, transferring files, distributing the results
to user, directory services, network resources,
etc.
• The application layer is based on client and
server.
• Client-server architecture: An application program
running on the local machine sends a request as a
client , and serves a request is known as a server.
• For example, when a web server receives a request
from the client host, it responds to the request to
the client host.
• Other Application protocols that are used are:
• File Transfer Protocol(FTP),
• Trivial File Transfer Protocol(TFTP),
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP),
• TELNET,
• Domain Name System(DNS) etc.
• Functions of Application Layer
• Mail Services: This layer provides the basis for E-mail
forwarding and storage.
• Network Virtual Terminal: It allows a user to log on to a
remote host. User's computer talks to the software
terminal which in turn talks to the host and vice versa.
• Directory Services: This layer provides access for global
information about various services.
• File Transfer, Access and Management (FTAM): It is a
standard mechanism to access files and manages it.
Users can access files in a remote computer and manage
it. They can also retrieve files from a remote computer.
• This layer has many responsibilities, including
error handling and recovery, data flow over a
network ..
• Its major network device or component is the
gateway.
GATEWAY
• Features of Gateways
• Gateway is located at the boundary of a network
and manages all data that inflows or outflows
from that network.
• It forms a passage between two different
networks operating with different transmission
protocols.
• A gateway operates as a protocol converter,
providing compatibility between the different
protocols used in the two different networks.
• Finally, application layer protocol defines how
application processes (clients and servers),
running on different end systems, pass
messages to each other.
• In particular, an application layer protocol
defines: The types of messages, e.g., request
messages and response messages.
• SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol):
• One of the most popular network service is electronic mail
(e-mail).
• The TCP/IP protocol that supports electronic mail on the
Internet is called Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP).
• SMTP transfers messages from senders' mail servers to the
recipients' mail servers using TCP connections.
• SMTP provides services for mail exchange between users
on the same or different computers.
• Following the client/server model:
– SMTP has two sides: a client side which executes on a
sender's mail server, and server side which executes on
recipient's mail server.
• TELNET (Terminal Network):
• TELNET is client-server application that allows a
user to log onto remote machine and lets the user
to access any application program on a remote
computer.
• TELNET uses the NVT (Network Virtual Terminal)
system to encode characters on the local system.
• On the server (remote) machine, NVT decodes the
characters at the remote machine.
• Many application protocols are built upon the
TELNET protocol
• Telnet services are used on PORT 23.
• FTP (File Transfer Protocol):
• FTP is the standard mechanism provided by TCP/IP
for copying a file from one host to another.
• FTP differs form other client-server applications
because it establishes 2 connections between
hosts.
• Two connections are: Data Connection and Control
Connection.
• Data Connection uses PORT 20 and control
connection uses PORT 21 .
• One connection is used for data transfer, the other
for control information (commands and responses).
• It transfer data reliably and efficiently.
• HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol):
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an
application-layer protocol .
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a method
for encoding and transporting information
between a client (such as a web browser) and a
web server.
• HTTP is the primary protocol for transmission of
information across the Internet.
• The HTTP protocol transfer data in the form of
plain text, hyper text, audio, video and so on.
• HTTP utilizes TCP connections to send client
requests and server replies.
• DNS
• DNS stands for Domain Name System.
• DNS is a directory service that provides a mapping
between the name of a host on the network TO its
numerical address.
• DNS is required for the functioning of the internet.
• DNS is a service that translates the domain name into IP
addresses. This allows the users of networks to utilize user-
friendly names when looking for other hosts instead of
remembering the IP addresses.
• For example, suppose the FTP site at EduSoft had an IP
address of [Link], most people would reach this
site by specifying [Link].
• Therefore, the domain name is more simple than IP
• The domain name space is divided into three
different sections:
• Generic domains,
• Country domains,
• Inverse domain.
• Generic Domains
• Mostly it uses three-character labels, and these
labels describe the organization type.
• It defines the registered hosts according to their
generic behavior.
• generic Top Level Domain include
• Generic
domain : .com(commercial) .edu(educational) .mil
(military) .org(non profit organization) .net(similar
to commercial) all these are generic domain.
• Country Domain
• The format of country domain is same as a generic
domain, but it uses two-character country abbreviations
(e.g., us for the United States) .
• Inverse Domain
• The inverse domain is used for mapping an address to a
name.
• When the server has received a request from the client
( the server contains the files of only authorized clients)
to determine whether the client is on the authorized list
or not, i.e it sends a query to the DNS server and ask for
mapping an address to the name.
• For example to find the ip addresses of [Link]
then we have to type [Link].
• Working of DNS
• DNS is a client/server network communication
protocol.
• DNS clients send requests to the server while DNS
servers send responses to the client.
• Client requests contain a name which is converted
into an IP address known as a forward DNS
lookups where as IP address which is converted
into a name known as reverse DNS lookups.
•Country Domain: The country domain section follows the same
format as the generic domain but uses 2 characters country
abbreviations (e.g., US for United States) in place of 3 characters.
•Inverse Domain: The inverse domain is used to map an address to a
name.
• country code Top Level Domains
• Two letter domains established for geographical locations; for
example; .au signifies Australia.
• Country domain .in (india) .us .uk
• generic Top Level Domain
• The best known generic include
• Generic
domain : .com(commercial) .edu(educational) .mil(military) .org(non
profit organization) .net(similar to commercial) all these are generic
domain.
• Inverse domain:
• if we want to know what is the domain name of the website. Ip to
domain name mapping.
• So DNS can provide both the mapping for example to find the ip
addresses of [Link] then we have to type