Raymond A.
Serway
Chris Vuille
Chapter Nine
Solids and Fluids
States of Matter
• Solid, liquid, gas
– Predominate on Earth
• Plasma
– Predominates in the universe
• This chapter introduces basic properties of
solids and liquids
Introduction
Solids
• Have definite volume
• Have definite shape
• Molecules are held in
specific locations
– By electrical forces
• Vibrate about
equilibrium positions
• Can be modeled as
springs connecting
molecules
Section 9.1
More About Solids
• External forces can be applied to the solid
and compress the material
– In the model, the springs would be
compressed
• When the force is removed, the solid
returns to its original shape and size
– This property is called elasticity
Section 9.1
Liquid
• Has a definite volume
• No definite shape
• Exists at a higher
temperature than solids
• The molecules “wander”
through the liquid in a
random fashion
– The intermolecular forces
are not strong enough to
keep the molecules in a
fixed position
Section 9.1
Gas
• Has no definite volume
• Has no definite shape
• Molecules are in constant random motion
• The molecules exert only weak forces on
each other
• Average distance between molecules is
large compared to the size of the
molecules
Section 9.1
Mass Density
DEFINITION OF MASS DENSITY
The mass density of a substance is the mass of a
substance divided by its volume:
m
V
SI Unit of Mass Density: kg/m3
Mass Density
Mass Density
• The densities of most liquids and solids vary slightly with
changes in temperature and pressure
• Densities of gases vary greatly with changes in
temperature and pressure
• The higher normal densities of solids and liquids
compared to gases imply that the average spacing
between molecules in a gas is about 10 times greater
than the solid or liquid
Mass Density
Example
The body of a man whose weight is 690 N contains about
5.2x10-3 m3 of blood.
(a) Find the blood’s weight and
(b) express it as a percentage of the body weight.
Mass Density
m V 5.2 10 m 3 3
1060 kg 3
m 5.5 kg
(a)
W mg 5.5 kg 9.80 m s 2 54 N
54 N
(b) Percentage 100% 7.8%
690 N
Specific gravity
Activity
• determine the density of a substance with
specific gravity of 0.8
(density of the water is 1000 kg/m3)
Activity
•
Pressure
• The force exerted by a
fluid on a submerged
object at any point is
perpendicular to the
surface of the object
• The average pressure P
is the force divided by the
area
F
P SI Unit of Pressure: 1 N/m2 = 1Pa
A
Pascal
Pressure
Example The Force on a Swimmer
Suppose the pressure acting on the
back of a swimmer’s hand is
1.2x105 Pa. The surface area of
the back of the hand is 8.4x10-3m2.
(a) Determine the magnitude of the
force that acts on it,
(b) and the direction of the force.
Pressure
F
P
A
F PA 1.2 105 N m 2 8.4 10 3 m 2
1.0 103 N
Since the water pushes perpendicularly
against the back of the hand, the force
is directed downward in the drawing.
Variation of Pressure with Depth
• If a fluid is at rest in a container, all
portions of the fluid must be in static
equilibrium
• All points at the same depth must be at the
same pressure
– Otherwise, the fluid would not be in
equilibrium
– The fluid would flow from the higher pressure
region to the lower pressure region
Section 9.4
Pressure and Depth
• Examine the darker
region, assumed to
be a fluid
– It has a cross-
sectional area A
– Extends to a depth h
below the surface
• Three external forces
act on the region
Section 9.4
Pressure and Depth in a Static Fluid
F
y P2 A P1 A mg 0
P2 A P1 A mg
m V
Pressure and Depth in a Static Fluid
P2 A P1 A mg
m V
Pressure and Depth in a Static Fluid
V Ah
P2 A P1 A Vg
P2 A P1 A Ahg
P2 P1 hg
Pressure and Depth in a Static Fluid
P2 P1 hg
Pressure and Depth in a Static Fluid
P2 P1 hg
P P0 hg
Pressure and Depth in a Static Fluid
Example The Swimming Hole
Points A and B are located a distance of 5.50 m beneath the surface
of the water. Find the pressure at A.
Pressure and Depth in a Static Fluid
P2 P1 gh
atmospheri
c pressure
P2 1.01105 Pa 1.00 103 kg m 3 9.80 m s 2 5.50 m
1.55 105 Pa
Activity
•
P2 P1 hg
Activity
•
Pressure Gauges - Barometer
•A long closed tube is filled with P2 P1 gh
mercury and inverted in a dish of
mercury.
•Measure atmospheric pressure .
Patm gh
h
Patm
1.01105 Pa
g 13.6 103 kg m 3 9.80 m s 2
0.760 m 760 mm
One atmosphere of pressure is defined as the pressure
equivalent to a column of mercury exactly 0.76 m tall at
0°C where g = 9.8 m/s2.
Pressure Gauges - Manometer
•One end of the U-shaped tube is open to the atmosphere
•The other end is connected to the pressure to be measured
•If P2 in the system is greater than atmospheric pressure, h is
positive (large)
P2 PB PA P2 P1 hg
PA P1 gh
absolute pressure
P2 Patm gh
gauge pressure
Pressure Gauges
Blood pressure is measured with a special type of
manometer called a sphygmomano-meter
Pressure is measured in mm of mercury
Blood Pressure Measurements
• A specialized manometer (called sphygmomanometer) is used to measure blood
pressure.
• A rubber bulb forces air into a cuff wrapped tightly around the upper arm and
simultaneously into a manometer.
• The pressure in the cuff is increased until the flow of blood through the artery in the
arm is stopped.
• A valve on the bulb is then opened, and the measurer listens with a stethoscope to the
artery at a point just below the cuff.
• When the pressure in the cuff and artery is just below the maximum value produced by
the heart (systolic pressure), the artery opens momentarily on each beat of the heart
• At this point, the velocity of the blood is high and turbulent, and flow is noisy and can
be heard with stethoscope
• The manometer is calibrated to read the pressure in mm of mercury, and the value
obtained is about 120 mm for a normal heart.
• As the pressure in the cuff is lowered further, sounds are still heard until the pressure
falls just below the minimum heart pressure (diastolic pressure).
• In the normal heart, this transition occurs at about 80 mm of mercury.
• Blood pressure reading are expressed as the ratio of systolic to diastolic pressure
(120/80)
Raymond A. Serway
Chris Vuille
Chapter Nine
Solids and Fluids
Part II
Archimedes
• 287 – 212 BC
• Greek mathematician,
physicist, and engineer
• Buoyant force
• Inventor
Archimedes
When an object is placed in water : the object will either
float or sink
Whether an object sinks or floats depends on its density
and the amount of water it displaces to create a strong
enough buoyant force
=w
Archimedes' Principle
Any object completely or partially submerged in a fluid
is buoyed up by a force whose magnitude is equal to the
weight of the fluid displaced by the object
• The force is called buoyant force
FB Wdisplaced m fluid g fluidVdisplaced g
Objects in water
A body will displace fluid molecules to make way
for the body.
In simple terms - amount of space that is
occupied by the fluid will be occupied by the
object – How ? through displacement of the
fluid by the object.
Buoyancy and Archimedes’
Principle
Archimedes’ principle:
The buoyant force on an object immersed in
a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid
displaced by that object.
9/26/2024
11.6 Archimedes’ Principle
ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE
Any object completely or partially submerged in a fluid is
buoyed up by a force whose magnitude is equal to the weight
of the fluid displaced by the object
F
B Wfluid
Magnitude of Weight of
buoyant force displaced fluid
• The upward force is called the buoyant force (FB or just B)
• The physical cause of the buoyant force is the pressure
difference between the top and the bottom of the object
• The magnitude of the buoyant force always equals the
weight of the displaced fluid
11.6 Archimedes’ Principle
• The buoyant force is exerted by the
fluid
• Whether an object sinks or floats
depends on the relationship between
the buoyant force and the weight
If the object is floating then the
magnitude of the buoyant force
is equal to the magnitude of its
weight.
Archimedes’ Principle:
Totally Submerged Object
• Volume of the object equals volume of the
displaced fluid, Vobj = Vfluid
• The upward buoyant force is FB=ρfluidVobjg
• The downward gravitational force is
W=mg=ρobjVobjg
• Weight of object in air is sum of weight of
object in the fluid and buoyant force
Archimedes’ Principle:
Totally Submerged Object
• The object is less dense
than the fluid
• The object experiences
a net upward force
Archimedes’ Principle:
Totally Submerged Object
• The object is more
dense than the fluid
• The net force is
downward
• The object accelerates
downward
Archimedes’ Principle:
Partially Submerged Object
• The object is in static equilibrium
• The upward buoyant force is balanced by
the downward force of gravity
• Volume of the fluid displaced corresponds
to the volume of the object beneath the
fluid level
Archimedes’ Principle:
Floating Object, cont
The forces balance
– Neglects the buoyant
force of the air
Section 9.6
Archimedes application: Summary
Totally submerged object Partially submerged object
1. Volume of the displaced fluid equals 1. Volume of the displaced fluid NOT
volume of the object equal to the volume of the object
2. Newton’s Law: buoyant force = true 2. Newton’s Law: buoyant force
weight – weight in fluid, i.e. FB = balances weight of the object, i.e. FB
Wobj(air) – Wobj(fluid) –W=0
3. Archimedes principle: buoyant force 3. Archimedes principle: buoyant force
= weight of the displaced fluid = weight of the displaced fluid
Activity
• A bargain hunter purchases a gold crown at a flea market. After she
gets home, she hangs it from a scale and finds its weight to be 7.84 N.
She then weighs the crown while it is immersed in water, and now the
scale reads 6.86 N. Find the density of the crown.
Solution
Activity
• A sample of unknown material appears to
weigh 300 N in air and 200 N when immerses
in alcohol of specific gravity 0,700. What are a)
the volume and b) the density of the
material?
Solution
1. Volume of object = volume of displaced fluid, i.e. 𝑉
𝑜=𝑉
Totally submerged object:
𝑑𝑓;
2. Newton’s second law: 𝐹𝐵 = 𝑊𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟 − 𝑊𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙
3. Archimedes: 𝐹𝐵 = 𝑊𝑑𝑓
𝜌𝑠
𝑠.𝑔 = ⇒ 𝜌𝑠 = ሺ 0.7ሻ × 1000 = 700 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝜌𝑤
𝑊𝑑𝑓 = 𝑊𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟 − 𝑊𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙
From (2) and (3):
𝜌𝑓 × 𝑉𝑑𝑓 × 𝑔 = 300 − 200
100
𝑉𝑑𝑓 = = 1.46 × 10−2 𝑚3
700 × 9.8
𝑉
𝑜 = 1.46 × 10
−2
𝑚3
Therefore using (1);
𝑚 30.61
𝜌= = = 2096.73 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑉 1.46 × 10−2
Activity
A raft is constructed of wood having a density of 600 kg/m 3. Its
surface are is 5.70 m2, and its volume is 0.60 m3. When the raft is
placed in fresh water as in the figure, to what depth h is the bottom
of the raft submerged?
Solution
Activity
• An object is solid throughout and weigh 15.2 N. When the
object is completely submerged in ethyl alcohol (density of
806 kg/m3 , its apparent weight is 13.7 N. What are the
volume and the density of the object?
Answer; V= 1.899X10-4 m3, D=8167.56 kg/m3
• A cube of wood having an edge dimension of 20 cm and a
density of 650 kg/m3 floats on water. What is the distance
from the horizontal top surface of the cube to the water level?
(density of water = 1000 kg/m3)
Answer; hunder water=0.13m, htop=0.07m
Activity 1
• An object weighs 15 N in air and 13 N when
submerged in water. Determine the density of
the object.
(a) 330 kg/m3 (c)1.2 ´x103 kg/m3 (e)7.5 x
103 kg/m3
(b) 500 kg/m3 (d) 6.0 x 103 kg/m3
Activity 2
• A balloon inflated with helium gas (density =
0.2 kg/m3) has a volume of 6 x103 m3. If the
density of air is 1.3 kg/m3, what is the buoyant
force exerted on the balloon?
(a) 0.01 N (c) 0.8 N (e) 7.8 N
(b) 0.08 N (d) 1.3 N
Activity 3
• A piece of aluminium has a mass of 8.35g
when measured in air. If it hung from a thread
and submerged in oil what will be the tension
in the thread. Density of Al =2.70 x103 kg/m3 ,
Density of oil =750 kg/m3
Answer: 0.059 N
activity
A piece of alloy has a measured mass of 86g
in air and 73 g when immersed in water. Find
its volume and density.
Additional questions
A metal weighs 26 g in air and 21.48 g in water.
Calculate the volume of the metal if it is
completely submerged in water, FIND its density.
A piece of aluminum has density 2.70 g/cm3 and mass 775
g. The aluminum is submerged in a container of oil (oil's
density = 0.650 g/cm3). How much oil does the metal
displace?
a. 287 cm3
b.309 cm3
c.232 cm3
d.1 125 cm3
activity
1. Which one of the following statements concerning the buoyant force on an object
submerged in a liquid is true?
(a) The buoyant force depends on the mass of the object.
(b)The buoyant force depends on the weight of the object.
(c) The buoyant force is independent of the density of the liquid.
(d)The buoyant force depends on the volume of the liquid displaced.
2. A ping-pong ball has an average density of 0.0840 g/cm3 and a diameter of
3.80 cm. What force would be required to keep the ball completely submerged
under water (Fnet)
a.1.000 N
b.0.788 N
c.0.516 N
d.0.258 N
activity
A block of wood has density 0.50 g/cm3 and mass 1 500 g. It
floats in a container of oil (the oil's density is 0.75 g/cm3). What
volume of oil does the wood displace?
a. 3 000 cm3
b. 2 000 cm3
c. 1 500 cm3
d. 1 000 cm3