Intermolecular

Forces
OBJECTIVES
 DEFINE THE INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND
EACH TYPE OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES;
 IDENTIFY THE INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
EXIST BETWEEN MOLECULES; AND
 EXPLAIN THE EFFECT OF INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES ON THE PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES.
 What I Know

1 . W h i c h of the following bonds s h o w a dipole-dipole attraction?

a. F B r c. N 2
b. Cl 2 d. I 2
2. W h e n K C l interacts with H 2 O, what force of attractions involved between K + and
H 2 O?
a. Hydr ogen b o n d c. Ion-Dipole force
b. Dipole-Dipole force d. Dispersion force

3. W h a t is the intermolecular force exists bet ween molecules of B r 2 ?

a. Dipole-Dipole force c. Hydrogen b o n d
b. Dispersion force d. Ion-Dipole force

4. A force of attraction b e t w e e n polar molecules that holds hydrogen a t o m ?

a. Ion-Dipole force c. Covalent b o n d
b. Dipole-Dipole force d. Hydr ogen bond

5. W h i c h of the following a m o n g the intermolecular forces is weakest?

a. Dispersion force c. Ion-Dipole force
b. Dipole-Dipole force d. Covalent b o n d
L e s son
Intermolecular Forces
1
The intermolecular forces are the attractive force or interaction
between molecules. There are four kinds of intermolecular forces
namely: hydrogen bond, dipole-dipole force, ion-dipole force and
dispersion or London force. Each kind of intermolecular forces
causes different physical properties on substances.
W hat is the name of this reptile as shown in the picture below? Ho w does lizard
walk upside d o wn on the wall?

The Lizard’s feet are covered with thousands of extremely tiny fibers that will
attract to the surface that uses a variety of intermolecular forces. In addition,
w h y do some ma t e ri a l s t e n d t o b r e a k easily a n d fragile? Po ss i b l y, t h e
b o n d s that h o l d s t h e molecules to these materials are w eak, so this can be
associated to Lo n d o n force or dispersion force. O n the other hand, there are
also materials that hard to break, the molecules of the materials are tightly
bonded. These materials possessed ion-dipole force.
 Intermolecular Forces and Its type

In chemistry, there are always interactions between and

among atoms and molecules. These attractive forces that
holds particle such molecules together are called
intermolecular forces. There are four general types of
intermolecular forces: hydrogen bond, dipole-dipole, ion-
dipole and dispersion or London forces. The dispersion
force is the weakest while ion-dipole is the strongest
among the intermolecular forces.
 1. Hydrogen Bond

The hydrogen bond is an attractive force in polar molecules containing

hydrogen (H) atom bonded to a strongly electronegative atom such as
Fluorine (F), Oxygen (O) and Nitrogen (N). The molecules which are
linked by hydrogen bonds have high boiling points since, hydrogen
bonds are hard to break. Examples of polar m olecules with hydrogen
bond are water (H 2 O) and ammonia (NH 3 ).

H 2O NH 3
 2. Dipole- Dipole Force

The dipole-dipole force is an interaction between polar molecules. A

dipole is two charges separated by a distance. Therefore, dipole-
dipole force is a result of molecules with positive e n d in one side
a n d negative end o n the other side. Th e dipole-dipole force can have
along range of interaction and can be strong, if the dipole m o m e n t is
high. If this is the case, the dipole m o m e n t between m o lecules is
also high. Example, F-Se: F(4.)--Se (2.4) has electronegativity
difference of 1.6 therefore it is polar.
F—Se-------F—Se
 3. Ion-Dipole Force

An ion-dipole force is an attractive force between ionic

molecules and polar molecules. The cation or the positive ion
attracts the negative end of a neutral polar molecule. For instance,
the potassium chloride (KCl) dissolves in water (H 2 O), a polar
molecule. The positive charge (cation) of KCl (K + , Cl - ) will be
separated then it will attract the opposite charged, in this case the
water molecule.
 4. Dispersion Force or London Force

The London force was named after to Fritz Wolfgang London, a

German Physicist and Professor at Duke University. H e
provided a significant interpretation for the existence of
temporary dipoles. The dispersion force or London force is a
result of interaction between non-polar molecules. This force of
attraction is considered as the weakest kind of intermolecular
forces. For example, London force between the molecules of
Br 2 .
Br—Br-------Br—Br
 W h a t I H a v e Learned
1. The intermolecular force is an attraction between
molecules.
2. The hydrogen bond is a result of attractive force of
polar molecules with a present of hydrogen
atom.
3. The dipole-dipole force is an interaction between polar
molecules, which one end is positive pole and the other end is
negative pole.
4. The ion-dipole force is an interaction between ions and
polar molecules.
5. The dispersion and London force is responsible in the
interaction between non-polar
molecules.
 W h a t is It

M a t c h t he t e r m in C o l u m n A to C o l u m n B .

A B
a . A forc e p r e s e n t b e t w e e n cation and
_____1. Intermolecular
polar molecules.
force _____2. Ion-Dipole b. A force that is resulted from the
force _____3. Dipole- Dipole interaction o f n o n -pola r molecules.

force _____4. Hydrogen c. An attractive force that holds molecules

together.
bond _____5. Dispersion
d. A f o r c e that link s p o l a r molecules.
force
e. A f o r c e th a t li n k s p o l a r molecules
which contains hydrogen atom.
 W h a t is It

M a t c h t he t e r m in C o l u m n A to C o l u m n B .

A B
a . A forc e p r e s e n t b e t w e e n cation and
__c__1. Intermolecular force
polar molecules.
__a___2. Ion-Dipole force b. A force that is resulted from the
__d__3. Dipole- Dipole force interaction o f n o n -pola r molecules.

__e___4. Hydrogen bond c. An attractive force that holds molecules

together.
___b__5. Dispersion force
d. A f o r c e that link s p o l a r molecules.
e. A f o r c e th a t li n k s p o l a r molecules
which contains hydrogen atom.
 What’s M o r e

Fill in w h a t is missing in e a c h box. C h o o s e y o u r a n s w e r f r o m t he list

b e l o w . U s e a separate p a p e r for y o u r solution a n d ans wer.

Polar molecule wi t h H a t o m attached o n F, O and N .

N 2 and N 2 Dipole-Dipole force
Ion-Dipole force Tw o polar molecules
Hydrogen bond Tw o non-polar molecules
Positive charge and n o n -polar H F and N H 3
molecule Dispersion force
N a + and O 2 H 2 O and N H 3
Intermolecular Forces Attraction between…. Example
 What’s M o r e

Fill in w h a t is missing in e a c h box. C h o o s e y o u r a n s w e r f r o m t he list

b e l o w . U s e a separate p a p e r for y o u r solution a n d ans wer.

Polar molecule wi t h H a t o m attached o n F, O and N .

N 2 and N 2 Dipole-Dipole force
Ion-Dipole force Tw o polar molecules
Hydrogen bond Tw o non-polar molecules
Positive charge and n o n -polar H F and N H 3
molecule Dispersion force
N a + and O 2 H 2 O and N H 3
Intermolecular Forces Attraction between…. Example
Dipole-Dipole Force Two Polar molecules
H2O and NH3
Ion-Dipole Force Positive Charge and Non-polar molecule
Na+ and O2
Dispersion Force Two Non-Polar Molecules N 2 and N 2
Hydrogen Bond PolaR molecule with H atom attached on F, O and N HF and NH3
 What I Can Do

Determine w he the r the following molecules whether

polar a n d n o n -polar a n d Identify the intermolecular forces that linked
between the m . Use another sheet of paper for your answer.

1. SO 2
2. F 2
3. PCl 3
4. ICl
5. O 2
 Assessment

1. This type of force exists between polar molecules.

a. Dipole- Dipole force c. Hydrogen b o n d
b. Dispersion Force d. Ion-Dipole force
2. W h i c h of the following forces is the
strongest? c. Dipole-Dipole force
a. London force d. Ion-Dipole force
3. W h ib.c hHydrogen
of the following
b o n d forces is the weakest?
a. Hydrogen b o n d c. Dipole-Dipole force
b. Ion-Dipole force d. London force
4. W h i c h of the following forces is not an intermolecular force?
a. Dipole-Dipole force c. Hydrogen b o n d
b. Covalent b o n d d. Ion-Dipole force
5. W h a t is the intermolecular f o r c e present in
I2? c. Dispersion force
a. Ion-Dipole force d. Covalent b o n d
b. Dipole-Dipole force
Identify th e force that h o lds the give n particles toge the r .

1. N—N-------N—N 6. Cl—Cl-------Cl—Cl
2. M g + ------ 7. F— Br-------F— Br
3. N—Cl-------N—Cl
8. Na + -------
4. H— Br-------H— Br
9. S— O-------S— O

10. O—O-------O—O
I d e nti f y t h e t y p e o f f o r c e tha t h o l d s t h e g i v e n partic le s b e l o w .

1. HF
2. CO
3. PS
4. NaCl----H 2 O
5. N 2