Embedded system and IoT
Unit- II
Embedded Networking
Introduction
Dr. [Link]
Associate Professor
Department of EEE
Kongu Engineering College
Perundurai
Aug 28, 2021
Embedded Networking
2.1 Introduction:
What is embedded Networking?
An embedded network is a network of nodes, where each node is
embedded within a device. An embedded network typically has a dedicated network
infrastructure and is designed to perform specific tasks. Embedded networking is
used in a variety of applications, including industrial control, automotive systems,
and consumer electronics.
Network systems are embedded in order to connect devices and share
information. By being embedded, network systems are able to provide a higher level
of communication and collaboration between devices. This helps to improve
efficiency and accuracy while reducing costs.
Embedded Networking
2.1 Introduction:
Deals with the network design and topology, hardware devices and
communication/data exchange protocols needed to connect and exchange
information between embedded systems
– Range of wired and wireless communication options available for
implementing networking capabilities into embedded systems.
– Effective design of a embedded networking product requires the
selection of a protocol that enables the desired networking features and
communication patterns which managing design constraints such as
memory and power consumption.
– Embedded systems form the basis for the IoT, network of devices whose
capability depend on internet connectivity.
Embedded Networking
2.2 I/O Ports
To receive the bytes from external peripheral for reading them later
using instructions executed on the processor (or) – To send the bytes to external
peripheral or device or processor using instructions executed on processor
– A port connect to the processor using address decoder and system buses.
The processor uses the address of the port registers for programming the
port functions or modes, reading port status and for writing or reading
bytes.
– Example:Port O,P1,P2 and P3 in 8051
• PA, PB,PC and PD in 68HC11
• COM1 and COM2 ports in IBMPC
Types of Ports
2.2 I/O Ports:
Types of serial ports:
– Synchronous Serial Input
– Synchronous Serial Output
– Asynchronous Serial UART input
– Asynchronous Serial UART output (Both as input and as output
(MODEM)
Types of Parallel ports
– Parallel port one bit input Parallel port one bit output
– Parallel port multi-bit Input Parallel port multi-bit output
Types of Ports
2.2 I/O Ports:
Types of Ports
2.2 I/O Ports:
Types of Ports
Synchronous Serial Input:
The sender along with the serial bits also sends the clock pulses SCLK
(serial clock) to the receiver port pin. The port synchronizes the serial data input bits
with clock bits. Each bit in each byte as well as each byte in synchronization
Synchronization means separation by a constant interval or phase difference. If
clock period = T, then each byte at the port is received at input in period = 8T.
The bytes are received at constant rates. Each byte at input port separates by 8T
and data transfer rate for the serial line bits is (1/T) bps. [1bps = 1 bit per s]
Types of Ports
Synchronous Serial Input:
Types of Ports
Synchronous Serial Input: ( Serial data and clock inputs)
On same input line: when clock pulses either encode or modulate serial
data
input bits suitably. Receiver detects the clock pulses and receives data bits after
decoding or demodulating.
On separate input line: When a separate SCLK input is sent, the
receiver detects at the middle or +ve edge or -ve edge of the clock pulses that
whether the data input is 1 0r 0 and save the bits in an 8bit shift register. From where
the microprocessor reads the data.
Types of Ports
Synchronous Serial Output:
Each bit in each byte sent in synchronization with a clock.
Bytes sent at constant rates. If clock period = T, then data transfer rate is (1/T) bps.
Sender either sends the clock pulses at SCLK pin or sends the serial data output
and clock pulse-input through same output line with clock pulses either suitably
modulate or encode the serial output bits. At the receiving end the receiver
demodulate the bits from the clock pulses.
The processing element at the port (peripheral) sends the byte through a shift register
at the port to where the microprocessor writes the byte.
Types of Ports
Synchronous Serial Output:
Types of Ports
Synchronous Serial Input/Output:
Each bit in each byte is in synchronization at input and each bit in each byte is in
synchronization at output with the master clock output .
The bytes are sent or received at constant rates. The I/Os can also be on same I/O
line when input/output clock pulses either suitably modulate or encode the serial
input/output, respectively. If clock period = T, then data transfer rate is (1/T) bps.
The processing element at the port (peripheral) sends and receives the byte at a
port register to or from where the microprocessor writes or reads the byte
Types of Ports
Synchronous Serial Input/Output:
Types of Ports
Half duplex means as follows: at an instant communication can only be one way
(input or output) on a bi-directional line.
Example: walkie-talkie.
Full Duplex:
Full duplex means that at an instant, the communication can be both ways.
Example; Mobile communication
Types of Ports
Asynchronous Serial port line RxD (receive data).
Does not receive the clock pulses or clock information along with the bits.
Each bit is received in each byte at fixed intervals but each received byte is not in
synchronization.
Bytes separate by the variable intervals or phase differences
Asynchronous serial input also called UART input if serial input is according to
UART protocol
Types of Ports
Asynchronous Serial port line RxD (receive data).
Types of Ports
Asynchronous Serial port line RxD (receive data).
Types of Ports
UART protocol serial line format
Starting point of receiving the bits for each byte is indicated by a line transition from
1 to 0 for a period = T. [T1 called baud rate.]
If sender’s shift-clock period = T, then a byte at the port is received at input in
period = 10.T or 11.T due to use of additional bits at start and end of each byte.
Receiver detects n bits at the intervals of T from the middle of the start indicating
bit. The n = 0, 1, …, 10 or 11 and finds whether the data-input is 1 or 0 and saves the
bits in an 8-bit shift register.
Processing element at the port (peripheral) saves the byte at a port register from
where the microprocessor reads the byte.
Types of Ports
Asynchronous Serial Output:
Asynchronous output serial port line TxD (transmit data).
Each bit in each byte transmit at fixed intervals but each output byte is not
in synchronization (separates by a variable interval or phase difference). Minimum
separation is 1 stop bit interval.
Does not send the clock pulses along with the bits.
Sender transmits the bytes at the minimum intervals of n.T. Bits receiving
starts from the middle of the start indicating bit, n = 0, 1, …, 10 or 11 and sender
sends the bits through a 10 or 11 -bit shift register. The processing element at the
port (peripheral) sends the byte at a port register to where the microprocessor is to
write the byte. Synchronous serial output is also called UART output if serial
output is according to UART protocol
Types of Ports
Asynchronous Serial Output:
Asynchronous output serial port line TxD (transmit data).
Each bit in each byte transmit at fixed intervals but each output byte is not
in synchronization (separates by a variable interval or phase difference). Minimum
separation is 1 stop bit interval.
Does not send the clock pulses along with the bits.
Sender transmits the bytes at the minimum intervals of n.T. Bits receiving
starts from the middle of the start indicating bit, n = 0, 1, …, 10 or 11 and sender
sends the bits through a 10 or 11 -bit shift register. The processing element at the
port (peripheral) sends the byte at a port register to where the microprocessor is to
write the byte. Synchronous serial output is also called UART output if serial
output is according to UART protocol
Types of Ports
Parallel Port Input : single bit
Parallel Port single bit input
Completion of a revolution of a wheel,
Achieving preset pressure in a boiler,
Exceeding the upper limit of permitted weight over the pan of an
electronic balance,
Presence of a magnetic piece in the vicinity of or within reach of a robot arm to its
end point and
Filling of a liquid up to a fixed level.
Types of Ports
Parallel Port Output : single bit
PWM output for a DAC, which controls liquid level, or temperature, or pressure, or
speed or angular position of a rotating shaft or a linear displacement of an object or a
d.c. motor control
Pulses to an external circuit
Control signal to an external circuit
Types of Ports
Parallel Port Input : Multi Bit
ADC input from liquid level measuring sensor or temperature sensor or pressure sensor or
speed sensor or d.c. motor rpm sensor
Encoder inputs for bits for angular position of a rotating shaft or a linear displacement of an
object
Parallel Port Output : Multi Bit
LCD controller for Multilane LCD display matrix unit in a cellular phone to display on the
screen the phone number, time, messages, character outputs or pictogram bit-images for display
screen or e-mail or web page
Print controller output
Stepper-motor coil driving bits
Types of Ports
Parallel Port Input -Output
PPI : 8255
Touch scree in mobile phone