E FFECT OF PROBIOTICS IN FISH FEED O
N HAEMOTOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF
Clarias Gariepius INFECTED WITH
Aeromonas HydrophilA
BY
ADELEKE SHEDRACK DOLAPO
MATRIC NO: HND/231406
SUPERVISED BY: DR. MRS OBISESAN O.M.
DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HEALTH TECHNOLOGY,
FACULTY OF ANIMAL AND FISHERIES TECHNOLOGY,
OYO STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND
TECHNOLOGY, IGBOORA
INTRODUCTION
Clarias gariepinus is a catfish that is indigenous to the inland waters of much of
Africa and is cultured commercially in a number of African countries including
Nigeria, Zambia, Ghana and South Africa (Beveridge and Haylor, 1998), making
it the most cultured catfish on the African continent
Aeromonas hydrophila is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacterium that lives in
aquatic habitats, infects different fish and significantly harms the aquaculture
industry (Mazumder et al., 2021).
-
Probiotics defend fish by several mechanisms such as hindering adhesion sites
for pathogens, production of organic acids to lower the pH and change protein
structure, production of hydrogen peroxide and reactive oxygen species to
destruct enzyme systems in pathogens and by the triggeration of innate and
adaptive immune responses to intensify killing of pathogenic agents (Bloch et
al., 2013).
Haematology as the study of the physiology and pathology of the cellular
elements of blood. The -biological and environmental factors including age,
weight, sex, food, bacteria, viruses, fungi and water quality parameters can
influence the importance of the haematological parameters of fish (Das and
Das, 1993).
JUSTIFICATION
This study stem from the increasing prevalence of bacterial infections,
particularly Aeromonas hydrophila, in intensively farmed Clarias
gariepinus, which compromise fish health and lead to significant economic
losses in aquaculture [Austin and Austin, 2016].
Heamatological parameters such as red and white blood cell counts ,
hemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume serve as key indicator
of fish health immune status. While antibiotics have traditionally been
used to manage such infections, their overuse led to concern about
antibiotic resistance and environmental impacts {Cabello, 2006].
Probiotics offer a sustainable alternative by enhancing immune response,
improving gut microbiota and reducing pathogen load
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the effect of probiotic-supplemented diets on the
haematological parameters of clarias gariepinus infected with
Aeromonas hydrophila
To determine whether diatary probiotics can enhance immune
response and mitigate the negative haematological effect caused by A.
hydrophila infection
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experimental Site: -Fishery unit, Teaching and Research Farm, Oyo State College
of Agriculture and Technology, Igboora
Materials- Eighty (80) post-juvenile Clarias gariepinus, commercial probiotic
Bacillus subtilis (7 x 108 CFU; MaxCare W/S, Animal Care®Product), fish feed
3mm, 15 litres plastic rectangular container, 1000 litres plastic tank, sensitive
weighing scale, analogue weighing scale, 23G and 21G needles and syringes, plain
blood bottles, heparinized blood bottles, universal sample bottles, 70% ethanol,
dissecting sets, de-ionized water, absorbent cotton wool, ice packs, timer,
aluminum foils paper, normal saline, towels, air dryer, 10% formaldehyde,
analytical profile index (API 20E)
Methodology-After acclimatization Eighty (80) post-juvenile Clarias gariepinus, will
be allotted into 2 groups and replicated twice.
Group 1: fish will be fed with non-bacillus basal diet (control).
Group 2: fish will be fed with bacillus supplemented diet.
Feeding trial will be conducted for four weeks and after which each group will be
subdivided into two groups each.
First subgroup will not be challenged with pathogenic bacteria while the second
subgroup will be inoculated with Aeromonas hydrophila orally.
5
MATERIALS AND METHODS CONT’D
Haematology
Fish will be inoculated with isolates of Aeromonas hydrophila during the infection trial.
The control group was uninfected and the fish in five tanks were exposed to the
bacterial infection. Feeding will be began 96 hours post-infection at a rate of 3 percent
body weight once daily, and to prevent water contamination, fifty percent of tank
water was changed daily. Fish that will be experimentally infected were monitored
every day for 14 days. The infected fish were monitored daily for clinical symptoms,
gross lesions, skin lesions, and mortalities for a period of 14 days. The blood samples
from experimental juvenile fish will be drawn using the caudal vein every seven days
intervals and used to determine haematological parameters.
Parameter to be measures
1. Red Blood Cell (RBC) Count
2. White Blood Cell (WBC) Count
3. Haemoglobin (Hb) Concentration
4. Packed Cell Volume (PCV) or Haematocrit (HCT)
5. Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
6. Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH)
7. Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)
8. Platelet Count 6
• Statistical Analysis
All haematology parameters collected during the
study on the effect of probiotics in fish feed on
Clarias gariepinus infected with Aeromonas
hydrophila will be subjected to one-way analysis
of variance (ANOVA) using the Statistical
Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)
REFERENCES
Austin, B., and Austin, D.A. 2016. Bacterial fish pathogens; diseases of farmed and
wild fish. Springer
Beveridge, M., and Haylor, G.S., 1998. Warm-water farmed species. In: Biology of
Farmed Fish [ed. by Black, K.D., Pickering, A.D.]. Sheffield Academic Press. 393-394.
Bloch, E. F., Schultz, R. D., and Turner, W. 2013. Mini-review: Probiotics and disease
prevention in different host systems. British Microbiology Research Journal, 3, 1, 42-
57l.
Cabello, F.C. 2006. Heavy use of prophylactic antibiotics in acquaculture; a growing
problem for human and animal health and for the environment. Environmental
microbiology, 8 [7], 1137—1144
Das, A.K.,and Das, R.K. 1993. A Review of the Fish Disease Epizootic Ulcerative
Syndrome in India. Environment and Ecology 11(1), 134–145
Mazumder, A., Choudhury, H., Dey, A., and Sarma, D. 2021. Isolation and
characterization of two virulent Aeromonads associated with haemorrhagic
septicaemia and tail-rot disease in farmed climbing perch Anabas testudineus.
Scientific Reports, 11, 5826. [Link] org/10.1038/s41598-021-84997-x
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