MODULE 1:
CONCEPTS AND
NATURE OF STATISTICS
INTRODUCTION
STATISTICS the science of collecting,
presenting, analyzing data to arrive at an
effective decision. (Pagala, 2008)
STATISTICS the science of planning
studies, experiments, obtaining data, and
then organizing, summarizing, presenting,
analyzing, interpreting, and drawing
conclusions based on the data.
(Triola,2011)
EXAMPLE 1
Figure 1.0 GDP PERCENTAGE GROWTH (2005-2014),
ADOPTED FROM PSA
ANY CONCLUSION?
Figure 2.0 EMPLOYED PERSONS INDUSTRY GROUP (2005-2014), ADOPTED FROM PSA
oThis growth indicates a shift in economic
activities from manufacturing to service
from previous years.
oFor the past 10 years the service industry
has been the main provider of jobs in the
Philippines.
oThe Philippine Economic Growth is now
characterized by the dominance of the
SERVICE SECTOR.
Click icon to add picture
The state of marital affairs EXAMPLE 2
in the country
A SAMPLING OF 2013 DATA SHOWED
THAT MORE FEMALES INITIATE THE
FILING OF ANNULMENT OR NULLITY
PROCEEDINGS
REVEALED THAT THE PETITIONERS
WERE BETWEEN THE AGES OF 21-25
AND HAD BEEN MARRIED BETWEEN 1-5
YEARS.
DENIED OR DISMISSED
ALSO BASED ON RANDOMLY SELECTED
DATA FROM 2010 AND 2011, 94% OF
THE CASES FILED WERE GRANTED,
WHILE 6% WERE DENIED OR
DISMISSED BY THE COURT.
SAMPLE APPLICATION OF
STATISTICS
o Medical studies (e.g., testing of a potential
drug)
o Manufacturing quality testing
o In the industry process improvements
o Identifying financial risks
o In predicting outcomes (e.g., election,
stocks)
SAMPLE APPLICATION OF
STATISTICS
* Public Information
* Election Forecast
* Political Campaign Strategy
* Microtargeting in Elections
* Public Policy
* Economic Regulations
*Legislations
* Social Science Research
WHY STUDY STATISTICS
1. Data is everywhere.
2. Statistical techniques are used to
make many decisions that affect our
lives.
3. No matter what your career, you will
make professional decisions that
involve data. An understanding of
statistical methods will help you make
these decisions efectively.
ACTIVIT USE CRITICAL
THINKING TO
Y1 DEVELOP
ALTERNATIVE
College Graduate Live Longer.
Based on a study showing that
college graduates tend to live longer
than those who do not graduate from
college, a researcher concludes that
studying causes people to live
longer.
Conclusion: Studying causes people
Selling Songs. Data published
shows that there is a correlation
between the number of times
songs are played on radio stations
and the number oftentimes the
songs are purchased.
Conclusion: Increasing the times
that songs are played on radio
stations causes sales to increase.
CLASSIFICATION
A. Descriptive
Statistics – are
procedures for
organizing and
summarizing
sample data. The
answers from
such procedures
are often a single
number that
describes
B. Inferential
Statistics –It
consists of
techniques for Range Chart for Col_2
reaching 0.5
UCL = 0.42
conclusions about 0.4
0.3
CTR = 0.20
LCL = 0.00
a population
Range
0.2
based upon 0.1
information 0 4 8
Subgroup
12 16 20
contained in a
VARIABLES, DATA SET
(1/3)
• Variable is a characteristic of interest
concerning the individual elements of a
population or sample. It is often
represented by letters such as x, y and
z.
• Observation is the value of a variable
for one particular element from the
sample population.
VARIABLES, DATA SET (2/3)
Classificat Description
ion
1. Qualitative Variables - non-numeric ,
attributes or categorical. Can be
separated into two subgroups
a) Dichotomic - if it takes the form of a word
with two options ( e.g. gender - male or
female)
Nature b) Polynomic - if it takes the form of a word
with more than two options ( e.g. education
level – primary, secondary, tertiary and
postgraduate)
VARIABLES, DATA SET (3/3)
Classificatio Description
n
1. Primary Data – personal encounters or
experiences of a person
Sources
2. Secondary Data – works or researchers
made by other persons
1. Ungrouped Data – is a set or an array
of things or observations whether
Manner of arranged or not arranged, in a
Presentation particular arrangement or order.
2. Grouped Data – data presented in a
Identify the following as quantitative or
qualitative
1. An intelligence quotient of 110
2. The colors of the rainbow
3. Gender
4. Engineering schools in the Philippines
5. Population in the municipality of General Trias Cavite
6. Hourly wages of employees
7. Status (Single, Married, etc.)
8. Average weight of babies born in a clinic
9. Room temperature
For the following quantitative data
identify whether the variable is discrete
or continuous
1. Number of employees in the BPI Dasmarinas
2. Temperature inside the room
3. Number of championships won by GSW
4. Box thickness
5. Average daily allowance of students
6. Number of casualties in the recent Mexico
earthquake
7. Wind pressure
POPULATION AND SAMPLE (1/3)
Population is the complete
collection of individuals, items, or
data under consideration in a
statistical study.
The portion of the population
selected for analysis is called the
Sample.
POPULATION AND
SAMPLE (2/3)
Population Sample
Results of survey
CEO of all private
conducted to 4000 CEO’s
companies
of private company
Survey conducted to the
All senior citizens
senior citizens of NCR
Results of study
All the students of LPU conducted to the SHS
students of LPU
Results of questionnaires
POPULATION AND SAMPLE (3/3)
Parameter is a numerical
measurement describing some
characteristic of a population.
Example: There are 24 duly elected
Senators of the Philippines, and 40% of
them belong to the Liberal Party
Statistic is a numerical measurement
describing some characteristic of a
sample.
TYPES OF MEASUREMENT SCALES
The statistical tool to be used
depends on the levels of
measurement to which the data are
classified.
There are four types of
measurement scales; nominal,
ordinal, interval and ratio.
Scale/ Description Examples
Level
Data that consists of names, labels, or
categories only. Data cannot be • Colors
1.
arranged in an ordering scheme. • Political
Nominal
Arithmetic operations cannot be Party
performed.
Categories are ordered, but differences
• Pain level
can’t be found and are meaningless.
2. Ordinal • School
Arithmetic operations cannot be
Ranks
performed.
• Years
Differences are meaningful, but there is
• Temperatu
3. Interval no natural zero starting point. Data
re
results from counting or measuring.
• IQ
Identify the level of measurement
1. Ranking of the best municipality in the
Philippines
2. Blood Type
3. John’s IQ score of 120 as compared to Lisa’s
IQ of 100
4. Annual sales
5. Distance from one location to another
6. Racial origin
7. Movie ratings (G, PG, R-18)
SUMMATION NOTATION (1/4)
oSummation Notation appears as a
Greek symbol (capitol sigma) and
indicates a sequence of sums.
oIt is a convenient and simple form of
shorthand used to give a concise
expression for a sum of the values of a
variables.
SUMMATION NOTATION (2/4)
Let x1,x2, x3,…xn denote a set of n numbers. x1 is the first
number and xi represents the ith number of the set
Stopping point/upper limit of summation
Summation sign
Typical element
Starting
Index of point/lower limit of
summation summation
𝑛
∑ 𝑥 𝑖= 𝑥 1+ 𝑥 2+ 𝑥 3+ 𝑥 4 +… 𝑥𝑛
𝑖 =1
SUMMATION NOTATION (3/4)
1. The following five values were observed for the
variable x: x1= 4, x2 = 5, x3 = 0, x4 = 6, and x5 = 10.
Perform the following operations on the given
variables, Σx , Σx2 ,(Σx)2 and Σ(x – 5)
X1 + X2 + X3 + X4 + X5
2. Use the data to perform the following operation, Σx,
Σy, Σxy
x1 = 100, x2 = 25, x3 = 20, x4 = 96, and x5 = 18.
y1 =0, y2 = 5, y3 = 10, y4 = 6, and y5 = 8.
SUMMATION NOTATION (4/4)
[Link] the data find Σx, Σx2
i xi
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
[Link] the data to perform the following
operation,
x 2 4 2 4 2 3 ,7Σxy.
Σx, Σx 2
, Σy, Σy 2
2 3 4
5 5 7 5 4 4 8 3 4 7
y 4 3 6 3 3 2 1 2 3 6
REFERENCES:
1. Basic Statistics, Pagala
2. Statistics, Triola
3. [Link]
thinking-flash-cards/
4. [Link]
umbers-marital-woes-annulment-philippines
. Based from the office of the solicitor general
(OSG).