COMPARING
ANIMAL & PLANT
ORGAN SYSTEMS
AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
Melvin P. Aguilar, LPT
OBJECTIVES
Compare and the following
processes in plants and animals:
reproduction, development,
nutrition, gas exchange,
transport system/circulation,
regulation of body fluids,
chemical and nervous control,
immune systems, sensory
motor mechanisms.
INTRODUCTION
Your body is composed of different
organ systems that work together for
your body to function normally. Imagine
what would happen, if, say, you need to
get nutrients from your surroundings
but there were no organ systems that
would harness the nutrients for you?
Reproduction
Module 3
Reproduction
Plants, animals, and other organisms have
the ability to reproduce. Reproduction is the
biological process in which different
organisms have the ability to produce
another of their kind.
With this ability organisms are able to
improve their species and enhance
characteristics, because only those that have
the genes necessary for survival can
proliferate and pass them onto the next
generation.
TWO TYPES OF REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL SEXUAL
REPRODUCTIO REPRODUCTIO
N N
It does not involve Involves the union of
gametes or sex cells. gametes inside or outside of
This type of the body of an organism.
reproduction can be This type of reproduction is
observed in some plants exhibited only by higher
and in lower forms of forms of organisms including
animals humans.
Types of
Asexual
Reproduction
Module 3
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
● Budding
● Fragmentation
● Binary Fission
● Vegetative
reproduction
● Spore formation
BUDDING
An organism is
reproduced by forming
an outgrowth, or a” bud”
from a parent
organism’s body
FRAGMENTATION
An organism is produced
from a detached body
part of its parent
BINARY FISSION
A parent organism splits
into two daughter
organisms. This type of
asexual reproduction is
usually done by
prokaryotic organisms
and some invertebrates
VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
A plant part is used to
reproduce another plant
SPORE FORMATION
This involves the
production of spores,
which are specialized
asexual reproductive
cells.
Sexual
Reproduction
Module 3
Reproductive
traits in
organisms
Module 3
REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS
The reproduction of different
organisms plays a vital role in the
continuation of their species, as well as
survival.
There are a lot of physical differences
in the reproductive systems of plants
and animals, but they also share
certain similarities
COLOR DISPLAY
Plants use their physical
appearance to attract
pollinators. Some plants have
bright-colored flowers to attract
insects, thus enabling the
transfer of pollens from one
flower to another.
COLOR DISPLAY
Some animals use color display
to attract a mate. Example, the
peacock shows a magnificent
color display of its feathers
during courtship. The peacock
does this to attract the female
peafowl, the peahen
SEXUAL SELECTION
When some male species
compete with other males to
copulate with female. This
form of natural selection
allows successful transfer of
genes from one generation
to the next.
REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS
Another difference between plants and
animals is their method of fertilization.
Most Animals requires physical interaction with
each other in close proximity.
In comparison, plants need a vector, such as
an insect or a bird.
Thus, animals and plants have different ways
of reproduction, but their main goal is the
same: to extend their species.
Development
Module 3
Development
Plants and animals have progressed
differently. Based on phylogenetic evidence,
the primitive ancestors of plants and animals
was likely a unicellular eukaryote. However,
based on molecular evidence from gene
comparison, there is not much similarity
between the genes that make up the body
plan of plants and animals
Development
At a unicellular stages of their development,
plant cells are positionally fixed, which
means that they are not capable of
movement.
Whereas animal cells are motile or capable
of movement.
Development
During the growth stages, the body plan of
plants is highly regulated by the
environment because plants cannot choose
or change their locations,
Whereas the body plan of animals is clearly
determined by its genes.
Development
The process in the formation of gametes are
also different between plants and animals.
During meiosis, plants produce spores first
before forming the gametes.
Whereas in animals, the gametes are directly
formed.
Development
Another developmental difference between
plants and animals is shown in their
morphogenesis, or change in shape.
Plants develop by going through a longer
period of morphogenesis than animals.
Development
Plants just grow and develop continuously
until they die,
Whereas animals develop into a distinct and
complete body shape (usually during
adulthood).
Plants grow by increasing their cell size,
whereas animals grow by increasing their
cell number.
Nutrition
Module 3
NUTRITION
All organisms need energy to perform
various life processes. Energy is necessary
because it allows organisms to move, respire
and digest, to name a few body processes.
Nutrition is the process of providing or
obtaining food necessary for health, survival,
and growth of an organism.
NUTRITION
In this process, an organism takes in,
digests, and uses the different substances
obtained from various sources of food.
These substances called nutrients , provide
energy for the organism’s metabolic
processes such as growth, maintenance,
reproduction, and even immunity.
Modes of
Nutrition
Module 3
MODES OF
NUTRITION
FEEDING
AUTOTROPHIC
HETEROTROPHI
C
AUTOTROPHIC
Organisms can
manufacture their own
nutrients by
synthesizing inorganic
materials. Depending
on the energy source,
autotrophs are of two
types.
PHOTOAUTOTROPHIC
Directly use the
energy from the sun
and other inorganic
substances such as
carbon dioxide and
water to form organic
food.
CHEMOAUTOTROPHIC
Use chemical to create
simpler organic substances
important for their survival.
Most bacteria and archaea
that live in extreme
environments are classified
in this group.
HETEROTROPHIC
Cannot make their own
food, and thus obtain
energy by digesting
organic matter.
Includes all animals, fungi,
and some bacteria.
SAPROTROPHIC
Organisms obtain their
nutrients from dead
organic matter. These
organisms secrete
digestive juices to the
surroundings, which will be
later absorbed through
their body surface.
PARASITIC
Organism takes food from
another organism.
Exhibited by plants and
animals. The organism that
takes the food is called the
parasite., and the organism
from where the food is
taken is called the host.
ECTOPARASITISM
This type of parasitism
happens when the parasite
is outside the body of the
host.
Ex. Fleas and head lice
ENDOPARASITISM
This type of parasitism
happens when the parasite
is inside the body of the
host.
Ex. flatworms
HOLOZOIC
In this mode of nutrition,
organisms ingest solid or
liquid food. The food is
then digested and
absorbed by the body. This
type of nutrition is
subdivided based on the
type of organic matter
ingested.
HERBIVOROUS
Organisms that take in only
plants as source of their
energy.
Ex. Sheep, rabbits, cows.
CARNIVOROUS
Organisms that eat other
animals
Ex. Lions, tiger, sharks
OMNIVOROUS
Organisms that take both
plants and animals
Ex. Pigs, hens, bears.
Gas Exchange
Module 3
GAS EXCHANGE
Gases are important because they are
required by different metabolic reactions to
proceed. Thus, gas exchange is also as
important biological process. That allows
organisms to survive.
Through this process different gases are
transferred in opposite direction across a
respiratory surface.
GAS EXCHANGE
Gas exchange involves the use of oxygen
produces by photosynthetic organisms and
the release of carbon dioxide to the
environment as a waste product of
respiration.
Different organisms have various ways of
exchanging gases inside and outside their
bodies. It varies from the simplest to the
most complex respiratory system.
CELL MEMBRANE
It is a structure used by
unicellular organisms for
gas exchange. Gases
directly pass through the
cell membrane through
diffusion.
Ex. bacteria
BODY SURFACE/SKIN
It is a respiratory system
covered with thin and moist
epithelial cells that allow
oxygen and carbon dioxide
exchange.
Gases can only cross the cell
membrane when they are
dissolved in an aqueous
solution and thus the surface
needs to be moist.
Ex. frogs
GILLS
They greatly increase the
surface area for gas exchange
in aquatic organisms. Gills are
convoluted outgrowth
containing blood vessels
covered with thin layers of
epithelial cells. They can be
found either externally or
internally.
Ex. External gills- axolotl
GILLS
They greatly increase the
surface area for gas exchange
in aquatic organisms. Gills are
convoluted outgrowth
containing blood vessels
covered with thin layers of
epithelial cells. They can be
found either externally or
internally.
Ex. Internal gills- fish
TRACHEAL SYSTEM
They are composed of series
of respiratory tubes that carry
the gases directly to the cells
for gas exchange. Gases enter
and exit through the openings
at the body surface called
spiracles.
Ex. grasshoppers
LUNGS
These are ingrowths of the
body wall that connect to the
outside environment by a
series of respiratory tubes and
small openings. The lungs are
one of the most complex
respiratory organs of animals.
Ex. humans
How does gas
exchange
happen in
plants?
Transport/Circulation
Module 3
TRANSPORT/CIRCULATION
Animals have the following circulatory
organs and tissues.
• Blood
• Blood vessels
• Heart
TRANSPORT/CIRCULATION
Animals have the following circulatory
organs and tissues.
• Blood
• Blood vessels
• Heart
TRANSPORT/CIRCULATION
Blood Blood vessels Heart
is a combination of plasma Tubular structures Hollow muscular
and cells that circulate carrying blood organ that pumps
through the entire body. It blood throughout
is a specialized bodily fluid the different body
that supplies essential parts.
substances around the
body, such as sugars,
oxygen, and hormones
TRANSPORT/CIRCULATION
• Circulation process
• Water transport
• Food transport
Regulation of fluids
Module 3
REGULATION OF FLUID
Both plants and animals need to
regulate the fluid inside their bodies.
This is because body fluids are essential
in carrying out the different bodily
functions in an organism. However,
there are certain differences that can be
observed between plants and animals.
REGULATION OF FLUID IN
PLANTS
• Photolysis- a photochemical process that allows
water molecules to split in the presence of light.
• Osmosis- the tendency of water to pass through
the semipermeable membrane of plant cells.
• Transpiration- water exits through the stomata
of the leaves because of evaporation.
• Capillary action- this refers to the movement of
liquid across a solid surface.
REGULATION OF FLUID IN
PLANTS
• Adhesion-cohesion property of water-
This allows water to move up through
a plant. As the water and nutrients
get inside the xylem, adhesion occurs
because the water molecules cling to
the xylem tissue. At the same time,
adhesion occurs because the water
molecules stick to one another.
REGULATION OF FLUID IN
PLANTS
REGULATION OF FLUID IN
ANIMALS
• Body fluids are regulated by the
excretory system. The excretory
system removes the metabolic wastes
and retains proper amounts of water,
salt and nutrients.
• The excretory system of terrestrial
animals serves to collect water and
filter body fluids, and it eliminates
excretory wasted from the body.
Chemical and
Nervous Control
Module 3
...AND THE SAME
GOES FOR TABLES
ANIMALS PLANTS
MAIN ORGAN Brain is the main
Plants have a serial
organ used by
nervous system.
vertebrates.
CHANNEL OF
INFORMATION Nerves Vascular strands
CHEMICAL
CONTROL Hormones Hormones
Immune System
Module 3
Immune system
• The role of immune system is to
protect the organisms diseases or
other potentially damaging foreign
bodies. It identifies threats and finds
ways to fight them. Animals have the
ability to become immune when they
are exposed to infection but plants
cannot do so.
Immune system in
Animals
• Animals have multifaceted and
complex immune system
• It can recognize foreign cells from its
own cells.
• Lymphocytes destroys these foreign
cells.
Sensory and motor
mechanism of Animals
The sensory and motor mechanism of
animals are directly controlled by their
nervous system. Animals employ a wide
variety of sensory receptors and their
actions.
• Presence of physical stimulus
• Transduction of the stimulus
• Transmission of action potentials
• Interpretation of the stimulus
Sensory and motor
mechanism of plants
On the other hand, plants have sensory
and motor mechanisms that give them
the ability to sense and respond to their
environments. Plants react to light,
chemicals, gravity, water and even
touch.
SENSORY AND MOTOR
MECHANISM OF PLANTS
PHOTOTROPIS THIGMOTROPISM
Movement of M Movement of
plant in plants in
response to light response to
mechanical
stimulation
GEOTROPISM HYDROTROPISM
Movement of Movement of
plant in plants in
response to response to
gravitational water
force
PHOTOTROPISM
GEOTROPISM
HYDROTROPISM
THIGMOTROPISM
OBJECTIVES
Compare and the following
processes in plants and animals:
reproduction, development,
nutrition, gas exchange,
transport system/circulation,
regulation of body fluids,
chemical and nervous control,
immune systems, sensory
motor mechanisms.
THANKS!!
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