SPEED
CONTROL
By
Ansari Faiyaz
Botad bhavik
Banker shalin
Parmar pruthviraj
INTRODUCTION
The speed variation in a heat engine occurs
due to-
The variation of load on engines,
The variation of pressure or velocity of working
fluids inside the engine.
All engines are provided with the device for
maintaining constant speed known as
Governor.
Flywheel is the machine part which smoothens
out the speed fluctuations caused by variation
of pressure inside the cylinder of engine within
one cycle.
GOVERNORS
Function
To maintain engine speed constant
regardless of the change in the load on
engines.
This is done by controlling flow of
steam engine or by controlling the amount
of fuel supplied to I.C. engines.
TYPES OF
GOVERNORS
Centrifugal Governors
Pendulum
type Loaded type
(Watt
governor)
Dead Weight Spring controlled
governors
Porter Proell
governor governor
Milson
Hartnell Hartons Pickerin
Hartnell
governor governor governor
governor
Watt Governor
This governor was first used by James Watt
for governing of steam engine,hence this
governor is known as Watt governor.
The watt governor is generally used for very
slow speed engine and that’s why it has
become practically obsolete.
It is also called simple pendulum
governor.
Watt Governor
Porter Governor
It is a modification of the watt governor
where a central weight is placed over
the sleeve.
This central weight can move up and
down on the spindle.
This weight reduces the movement of
the sleeve for given change in speed.
This governor is more suitable for
higher speed than watt governor.
Porter governor
Hartnell Governor
A hartnell governor is a spring
loaded governor.
It consist of two bell crank lever
pivoted at point to the frame.
The frame is attached to the
governor spindleand therefore
rotates with it.
Steam Engine Governing
There are two methods for governing.
1. Throttle Governing
Steam pressure is reduced
in this governing by partial closure throttle
valve.
2. Cutt-off Governing
In this governing , the
governor changes the steam cut-off point
rather than pressure of steam.
[Link] GOVERNING
The function of the [Link] governing is to
control the speed of engine. This is achieved by
controlling the supply of fuel or the mixture of
fuel &according to the load on engine. There are
different methods of supplying the fuel with the
variation of load. These methods are
(1)Hit & miss method
(2)Quality or cut-off method
(3)Quantity or throttling method
(4)Combination method
[Link] & MISS METHOD OF
GOVERNING
In this type of governing, the fuel supply is stopped for one or more
cycles when the engine speed increases. By stopping the fuel supply,
crank shaft speed becomes normal. A simple pendulum type governor
for this method is illustrated. The lever carries a striker which strikes
the steel die at the normal speed due to rotation of the cam. So the
steel die strikes the plunger of the fuel pump or the gas valve. This
cycle is known as hitting cycle, during this cycle fuel is supplied to the
engine by fuel pump or by the gas valve in case of the gas engines.
When the engine speed increases, the lever with the drop rod moves
in upward direction due to the upward movement of the sleeve. So the
striker will not strike the plunger through the steel die & no fuel will be
supplied during the cycle. Therefore, the speed decreases. This cycle
is known as missing cycle. As speed decreases, the sleeve moves in
the downward direction with the drop rod & again hitting cycle starts.
This method is for suitable for small gas or gas engines. The
disadvantages of this method is a large fluctuation of speed takes
place in the missing cycle as no fuel is supplied to the engine at this
time.
It is a two cycle
governed ‘Hit and
Miss’.
[Link] GOVERNING
METHOD
In method of governing, the amount of air taken the
cylinder is constant, but the fuel supply varies
accordingly to the load on the engine. The air fuel ratio
of mixture, therefore, varies with the amount of fuel
supply. Hence the quality of air fuel mixture changes as
per the amount of fuel supply. So this method known
as quality method. This method is used in compression
ignition engines(Diesel engine). This method is known
as cut-off-governing. In case of diesel
engine, the amount of fuel is varied by spring loaded
mechanical governors. The quantity of fuel may be
varying the stroke length of the fuel pump or it may
pass part of the fuel back to the fuel tank.
[Link] GOVERNING
METHOD
This method is known as throttle governing. This is
used in petrol or gas engines. This method varies the
quantity of air fuel mixture supply to cylinder
according to load on engine as in place of air fuel
ratio in case of quantity governing. The quality of
mixture remain the same.
Quantity of mixture supplied to
the cylinder can be varied by throttling the mixture
before it enters the cylinder.
This method of governing is
generally used in stationary petrol & gas engines. In
automobiles, the throttle valve is operated by
accelerator pedal.
ADVANTAGES:
-The ratio of air fuel mixture may be maintained
constant for complete combustion. --
Method is simple
DISADVANTAGES:
-Throttling decreases the suction pressure
which affects combustion of fuel.
-Thermal efficiency decreases due to inefficient
combustion.
-The limitation of each of the quality & quantity
governing can be eliminated by combining
these two methods when it is called the
combination method of governing.
Fly Wheel
In the engine cylinder, pressure on piston
does not constant through out the cycle.
The variation of pressure on piston causes
the variation of the crank shaft within one
cycle.
The variation of torque in relation to crank
angle is shown in fig.1 .
In four stroke cycle I.C engine, suction,
compression and are power consuming strokes
and only expansion stroke is power producing
one.
Fly wheel is device which stores the energy
during expansion stroke and gives out
during remaining strokes.
To maintain the speed constant, a fly wheel is
keyed at the end of the crank shaft.
When the speed of the crank shaft tends to
increase, the fly wheel absorbs certain amount of
energy, but at the time of the decrease of the
speed, the fly wheel gives up the amount of
energy it absorbs, and the speed of the crank
shaft thus tends to become normal.
The fly wheel is a form of disc or wheel made of
cast iron.
Generally the weight of fly wheel is more and
depends upon the nature of variation of pressure.
The fly wheel for two stroke cycle engine is
lighter than a fly wheel used for a four stroke
cycle engine. Fig shows the fly wheel.
Fly Wheel
Comparison between fly wheel
and governor
Governor Fly wheel
It regulates the mean speed of an It controls the speed variation
engine when there are variation caused by the fluctuation of the
in the load. engine turning moment during
each cycle of operation but it
does not control the speed
variation caused by varying load.
It automatically controls the It absorbs the excess energy
supply of working fluid to the
during power stroke and release it
engine varying load conditions.
to the crank shaft during other
It maintains constant speed of the strokes.
engine. It simply reduces the fluctuation
of speed.
You
Thank