Pearson’s Sample
Correlation
Coefficient
OBJECTIVES:
After going through this lesson, you are expected to:
describe the nature of bivariate data;
determine the variables involved in the given
bivariate data.
construct a scatter plot based on the given data
compute the Pearson’s sample correlation
coefficient r; and
apply and solve real-life problems using Pearson’s
sample correlation coefficient.
Illustrating the Nature of Bivariate
Data
A variable is an attribute or characteristic
that may take more than one value which can
either be measured or classified.
The height and weight of students, number of
hours students spend in studying at home, and
daily allowance of students are examples of
variables.
Activity: Where Am I Now?
Directions: Identify the variables involved in
the following situations.
Variable/s
Situation
Example: Luffy measured the Involved
height of his 10 classmates
Height
and determined their average
height.
1. Zorro surveyed his cousins’ shoe sizes and
shoe sizes and weight. weight
2. Nami conducted a survey to
number of
determine the number of
household
household members in their
members
barangay.
Activity: Where Am I Now?
Directions: Identify the variables involved in
the following situations.
Variable/s
Situation
Involved
Sanji interviewed 10 students daily money
about their daily money allowance and
allowance and weight. weight
Teacher Kim recorded his
IQ and math
students’ scores from IQ and
tests scores
math tests.
Karina recorded her daily
daily profit
profit in selling cassava cake.
Univariate data
Data that involve one variable.
Univariate data are often described using
the measures of central tendency (mean
or average, mode, and median), variations, or
other descriptive statistics.
Bivariate data
Data that involve two variables.
The statistical procedure used to
determine and describe the relationship
between two variables is called correlation
analysis.
Activity: Determine the variables in the following situations
and identify whether they involve univariate or bivariate data.
Number of Univari
customers ate
Number of hours Bivariat
and blood count e
Electric Bivariat
consumption e
and electric bill
Constructing a Scatter Plot
Scatter plot, scatter graph, scatter diagram,
or scatter gram is a graphical representation
that shows the relationship or the correlation
of two variables of bivariate data.
Scatter plot shows how points collected from
a set of bivariate data are scattered on a
Cartesian
It gives plane.
a good visual picture of how two
variables are related or associated with one
another in terms of form, trend, and variation of
correlation.
The form of points in the scatter plot
determines the shape of the correlation of the
variables.
Constructing a Scatter Plot
The trend determines the direction of the points,
either the variables have positive, negative, or no
correlation.
The variation or strength of correlation is based
on the closeness of the points on a trend line and
it determines whether the variables have no,
weak, moderate, strong, or perfect correlation.
In constructing a scatter plot, you should
know how to plot points in a Cartesian plane.
The independent variable will assume the values
of x or abscissa while the dependent variable will
assume the values of y or ordinate.
Example 1
The given numbers are the age of a person in
years and his/her corresponding weight.
Since the weight of an individual depends on
his/her age, the independent variable is the
age of the person which is plotted
horizontally.
The dependent variable is the weight of the
person, which is plotted vertically as shown
Example 1
Example 2
A Math teacher conducted a study regarding
the performance of grade 11 students in
General Mathematics. Their average grades were
taken at different time or period. The data are
given below.
From the data given, the independent variable is
the order of the subject and the dependent
variable is the average grade.
From this, order of the subject will be plotted on
the x-axis and grades will be plotted on the y-axis
Example 2
Calculating the Pearson’s
Sample Correlation Coefficient
The Pearson’s sample correlation coefficient
(also known as Pearson r ), denoted by r, is a test
statistic that measures the strength of the linear
relationship between two variables.
To find r, the following formula is used:
The correlation coefficient (r) is a number
between -1 and 1 that describes both the
strength and the direction of correlation.
Illustrative Example:
Teachers of Pag-asa National High School
instilled among their students the value of time
management and excellence in everything they
do. The table below shows the time in hours
spent in studying (X) by six Grade 11 students
and their scores in a test (Y). Solve for the
Pearson’s sample correlation coefficient r.
STEP 1: Construct a table as shown below.
STEP 2: Complete the table.
STEP 3: Get the sum of all entries.
STEP 4: Substitute the values obtained from
Step 3 in the formula.
The value of r is a
positive number.
Therefore, we can say
accurately that there is a
positive correlation
between hours spent in
studying and their
scores in a test.
Note: For consistency of our
answer, round your final
answer into two decimal
places.
In Mapalad
ACTIVITY:
Integrated High School, a guidance
counselor believes that aptitude score is
related to performance. The following sample
data obtained from six students show their
aptitude and performance score. Compute the
Pearson r.