LESSON-04(CHAPTER 3)
Petrology
DR. KHIN SOE MOE
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR&HEAD
ROCK CYCLE
1 = magma; 2 = crystallization (freezing of rock); 3 = igneous rocks; 4 = erosion;
5 = sedimentation; 6 = sediments & sedimentary rocks;
7 = tectonic burial and metamorphism; 8 = metamorphic rocks; 9 = melting
Petrology and Petrography of
Igneous rocks
• The origin of igneous rocks
• All igneous rocks constitute materials that have originated
from an initially molten condition.
• The name comes form the Latin word ignis, meaning fire.
• The molten rock is referred to as magma and igneous rocks
are sometimes termed magmatic rocks.
• Magma originates within the earth wherever temperature rise
sufficiently high to cause melting.
• It is generally believed that the heat is provided by the decay
of radioactive material but tectonic processes may also play a
part. For instance, frictional heat generated at interaction plate
margins may contribute a great deal to the magmatic activity
occurring in those area.
• As a result of tectonic movements, crustal loading,
or density differences, the magma is forced
upwards through the crust along lines of weakness
until it spills out on the surface as lave.
• This soon cools and consolidates to form extrusive
igneous rocks.
• The magma which does not find an outlet
eventually solidifies in cavities and fissures within
the crust to form intrusive rocks.
Continued-
*Using this mode of occurrence as a basis, a
threefold division of igneous rocks can be made
• (a) plutonicrocks-deep-seated and of a coarsely
crystalline character,
• (b) hypabyssal rocks—intruded rocks occurring
at shallow depths:
• (c) volcanic rocks—extruded finely crystalline or
glassy rocks.
• (d) pyroclastic rocks—the accumulated material
of explosive activity. e.g. Lava clots, ash and
dust.
Igneous Differentiation
Structures of igneous Rocks
• The structure of igneous rock can be
divided into two sub-units.
• They are:
• (1) Structure of intrusive igneous rock
• (2) structure of extrusive igneous rocks.
Structures of intrusive igneous rocks
• (a) discordant structures:
• showing a cross-cutting relationship to
bedding or foliation
Volcanic cone
Lopoolith
Volcanic plug Laccolith Dyke
Sill
Batholith
Stock
(a.1) Dyke (dike):-
a sheet like body of igneous rock which cut across the bedding or structural planes of the host rock
(a.2) Ring dyke and cone sheet
(a.3)Volcanic rock (volcanic plug):
Nearly circular vertical feed channel of a volcano
(a.4) Batholith : - Have a large area of out –crop: more than 40 square miles
(a.5) Stoss and Boss :- Smaller in size than a batholiths; the contact with country rock may vary from steep to low angle: boss has a circular plan and steep contact .
(b) Concordant structures
• (b.1) Sill: - Conforms to bedding or other structural planes.
•
• (b.2)Laccoliths :- An intrusive, dome-like mass of igneous
rock which arches the overlying sediment and has more or
less flat floor,(diameter is less than 1/10 of thickness )
(b.3) Lopolith:
a saucer-shaped intrusion which is concave
upwards mainly basic intrusive igneous rocks.
Ni and Chromite accumulate at their base.
Structures of Extrusive Igneous Rock
• (a) Volcanic cone
• (b) flood basalt
• (c) plateau basalt
e.g. Deccan plateau Basalt,
• (d) pillow lava
• (e) flow structure
• (f) vesicular structure
• (g) columnar structure
Pillow Lava
Classification of Igneous Rocks
The base of the classification of Igneous
rocks are:
• Mineral composition : mineral classes
and variation, feldspar classes and
variation, percentage of quartz.
• Texture:grain size of minerals (fine,
medium, coarse, clastic…..etc.
• Chemical composition : silica
percentage.
Classification of Igneous Rocks
Classification of Igneous Rocks
Petrography of Igneous rocks
Granite:
• A coarse grained acid igneous rock
• consisting essentially of quartz (20-40%), alkali
feldspar and a mica (biotite and/or muscovite). A
number of accessory minerals may be present,
including apatite, zircon and magnetite: Granites
characteristically contain a high proportion of silica,
often more than 70% and relatively high soda and
potash.
• The granite is used as building stones and road stones
as it is heard and resistant of weathering.
• It occurs in Myanmar, at Mogok, kengtung,
Taungoo, Pyinmana and Tanintharyi.
• In Tanintharyi area and some places of Pyinmana
area, granites occur associated with Tin and
Tungsten are deposits.
Granodiorite:
• are coarse-gained acid igneous rocks
• containing essential quartz with
plagioclase dominant, alkali-feldspar
may occur but must not exceed 1/3 of
the total feldspar content.
• These felsic minerals are accompanied
by varying proportion of coloured
silicates and accessories, such as,
biotite, hornblende, sphene, apatite
and magnetite.
Rhyolites:
• fine-grained acid igneous rocks
•consisting of high temperature form of
orthoclase feldspar known as sanidines, often in
the form of phenocrysts.
•In all rhyolites free silica may present; mica and
hornblende are commonly occurring coloured
silicates.
•Biotite is common, hornblende is rare, and
pyroxene is widely distributed.
•In Myanmar, rhyolites occur at Bawdwin area of
Northen Shan state, Kyaukpadaung and
Monywa.
•At Bawdwin area lead-zinc-silver ore deposits
are associated with rhyolite while it is associated
with copper ore at Monywa.
Dacite:
• The fine grained acid igneous of
granodiorite composition.
• Dacite like other types of acid
lavas may contain phenocrysts.
• Clearly only a portion of total free
silica will be visible as phenocrystic
quartz.
Syenite:
• coarse-grained intermediate igneous rocks.
• In hand-specimen it is dull, reddish, fluxionally
arranged feldspars are obvious.
• The colored silicate is identified as common
hornblende in thin section.
• Microsyenite and Trachyte are medium
grained and fine-grained equivalent of syenite.
• Syenite usually occurs near the intrusive body
of granite.
• Syenites are found as stocks in Mogok area.
There are some trachyte exposures at
Salingyi area.
Nepheline Syenite
•The significant felsic mineral
association is nepheline and
orthoclase in about equal amount
in this rock type.
•Some nepheline syenites are free
from orthoclase and are known as
leucitic rock or leucitiphyre.
Diorites:
•Diorites consist of plagioclase, within the
oligoclase-andesine of which hornblende,
biotite and hypersthence are common.
•Sphene, apatite and magnetite may also be
present.
•Microdiorite and andesite are medium-
grained and fine-grained equivalent of diorite.
•Diorite occurs as stocks in Yinmabin area of
Thazi township and at the top to
Pyetkhaywe Mountain Range of Myittha
township.
•In Myanmar, it occurs in Popa, Jade Mine and
lower Chindwin area.
Gabbro
• Gabbro consists fundamentally of
plagioclase, associated with clinopyroxene.
• Norite consists plagioclase of the same
range, but it is associated with ortho-
pyroxene.
• Dolerite and basalt are medium and fine-
grained equivalent of gabbro.
• In Myanmar, it occurs as small intrusive in
Salingyi and Thabeikkyin area.
• Basalt is found in association with andesite
of Popa and lower Chindwin area.
Peridotite
• The essential feature of peridotite is
ultramafic character, no plagioclase is
allowable and the dominant mineral is
olivine.
• One type is monomineralic consists only
of olivine and the rock is known as dunite.
• Chromite is constant accessory. In
Kimberlay Diamond Mine, diamond is
accessory mineral in this olivine rock.
• In Myanmar, peridotite is found in Mogok
area.
Pyroxenite
• Pyroxenites are either monomineralic
or bimineralic.
• The monomineralic pyroxenites are
bronzites consisting only of mineral
bronzite.
Serpentinite
• Serpentinites consist essentially of serpentine
minerals and so they have green color.
• In hand-specimen, sheet and fibrous form are
found.
• Their surfaces are soapy.
• They show mesh structure by mixing of white and
black veins.
• Serpentinites are altered from peridotite. This
process is called serpentinization.
• They are associated with jade in Jade Mine area.
They are also occurred along Naga, Chin,
Rakhine Mountain Range as small intrusive.
• Ni, Cr ores are found in association with ultra
basic rocks in Northern Chin Hills.
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