ECOSYSTEM
MODULE 2
ENVIRONMENTAL
SCIENCE
WIKARAMBULAN
POOL LOTION
POLLUTION
BACK YARD
BACKYARD
ECHO SYSTEM
ECOSYSTEM
POUR REST
FOREST
TALL RANCH
LEI
TOLERANCE
MAN MAID
MAN-MADE
LESSON 1
Introduction
to Ecology
ECOLOGY
comes from the Greek
words oikos, which means
“house” and logos, means
“to study”.
a science which study the
relationships between
human and other
organisms, and their
environment.
ECOLOGISTS
concerned with how
organisms interact with
their environment.
ECOSYSTEM
An ecosystem is the basic
functional unit of ecology, which
comes from the Greek word
“oikos” - home and “sistema”-
system.
Living things and
non-living things
Living things
plants
animals
microorganisms
Non-Living things
soil climate
water
energy
air
temperature
Living thing + non-living
thing = ecosystem
One will not survive without
the other.
Food
Shelter
Reproduction
Protection
KINDS OF
ECOSYSTEM
ARTIFICIAL/
NATURAL
MAN-MADE
Natural Ecosystem
it is created by natural
condition or no human
intervention.
Artificial/Man-made
Ecosystem
it is created,
manipulated and
controlled by humans.
Artificial/Man-made
Ecosystem
you can control the types and
numbers of species to be
included.
you can also manipulate other
abiotic factors.
TWO TYPES OF
NATURAL
ECOSYSTEM
1. Terrestrial ecosystem
this ecosystem is
related to land.
Forest
A forest is a large area that
has many trees and other
plants that support many
animals and birds.
Two Types of
Forest
Tropical Temperate
found near the equator have a climatic conditions
such as cold with moderate
it results into frequent seasonal variations
heavy rainfall and
thunderstorm they have typical ferns,
mosses and very tall trees
climate has lot of sunlight
and slight seasonal
variation
well-known for hardwoods such as narra, molave,
tangile and yakal
it gives shelter to a tribal group in Cordillera and
Oriental Mindoro called Mangyans
What are some
benefits that we can
get from forest?
Grasslands
It is another terrestrial ecosystem that
can be found all over the world except in
Polar Regions.
an ecosystem where there is less rainfall
and frequent fires that suppress the
growth of trees and bushes.
It is commonly called as “savanna or
prairie”.
grasslands in Mt. Pulag located at Central Cordillera
of northern Luzon
Tundra
there are no trees in Tundra
it is located at the Polar Regions (or
simply the opposite of grasslands)
The soil is permanently frozen or
permafrost.
Only shrubs, lichens and mosses
dominate the place in terms of plants
while in animals, there are arctic foxes,
Deserts
It occupies about 35% of the world’s land
areas.
The driest region on Earth.
Less rainfall occurs and the atmosphere
is dry.
3 Types of Deserts
1. Tropical
where wind blows sand dunes are
very common and it only has few
species. Examples are Sahara
(Africa) and Thar (Rajasthan)
desert.
Sahara Thar
3 Types of Deserts
2. Temperate
characterized by very hot summer
and very cold winter time. Mojave
desert in South California is an
example.
Mojave desert
3 Types of Deserts
3. Cold deserts
which Gobi desert in China is one
good example of this. In the
Philippines, we have La Paz Sand
Dunes in Laoag, Ilocos Norte.
La Paz Sand
Gobi Dunes
Taiga
The largest terrestrial biome in the world.
The average temperature is below
freezing point.
Winters are cold and summers are warm.
Lots of conifers grow here.
It is prone to wildfires.
Many trees have adapted to this by
In the Philippines, we have tropical coniferous forest in
Zambales Mountains, Mt. Pulag, Mt. Puguis, Mt. Polis and Mt.
Data. Most of them belongs to the Cordillera regions.
2. Aquatic ecosystem
this ecosystem is
related to water.
two types based on salt
content:
a. Freshwater b. marine
ecosystem ecosystem
Freshwater ecosystem
Earth is made up of 3% freshwater which
includes rivers, lakes, ponds and
streams.
Many plants and animals live here.
Some of them are water lilies and water
Lettuce for flora, and for fauna we have
tawilis, Pandaca pigmea, kanduli.
Water lilies Water Lettuce
tawilis
Pandaca
pigmea
kanduli
Marine ecosystem
made up the 97% of the Earth’s watery
part.
The oceans are the largest marine
ecosystem in the world, which are
considered to be home for many diverse
fish, mammals, invertebrates and birds.
LESSON 2
Relationships of
Different
Component in
the ecosystem
Two Major Components of
Ecosystem
biotic abiotic
living non-
organism living
s things
Biotic components
The living organisms in an
ecosystem collectively form its
community called biotic
community.
The members of biotic components of
an ecosystem are grouped into three
based on how they get food.
Producers (Autotrophs)
Produce their food by themselves
through the process called
photosynthesis.
Examples are trees and all green
plants.
The green pigments called
chlorophyll, present in the leaves
of plants, converts CO2 and H2O in
the presence of sunlight into
carbohydrates.
6CO2 + 12H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 +
6H2O
Consumers (Heterotrophs)
They feed on autotrophs or other
heterotrophs to obtain energy (herbivores,
carnivores, omnivores, decomposers).
Consumers are classified as:
(a) Primary consumers
Herbivores
-plant-eaters
They directly depend on plants for
their food.
Examples: goat, deer, carabao,
Consumers are classified as:
(b) Secondary consumers
Primary Carnivores
-flesh-eaters
They feed directly on herbivores for
their food.
Examples: snakes, foxes
Consumers are classified as:
(c) Tertiary consumers
Secondary Carnivores
-Meat-eaters
They depend on the primary
carnivores for their food.
Examples: Lion, tiger
Decomposers (Saprotrophs)
These are microorganisms that attack the dead
bodies of plants and animals, like bacteria and
fungi.
During the decomposition, they decompose dead
bodies into simpler compounds and inorganic
nutrients are being released.
The inorganic nutrients together with other organic
substances are then utilized by the producers for
the synthesis of their own food.
Abiotic components
The non-living components
(physical or chemical) of
ecosystem collectively form a
community called abiotic
community. Examples are soil,
water, air, climate, sunlight,
energy, nutrients, etc.,
Physical components
these includes raw materials,
climate, energy, and mineral which
are useful for the growth and
maintenance of its member.
Chemical components
the organic components of an ecosystem
that are source of essential nutrients,
such as proteins and amino acids, all of
which are synthesized by the biota (flora
and fauna) of an ecosystem.
Examples are organic substances like
lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, etc.,
while inorganic substances are micro
( Co, Cu, Al, etc.,) and macro ( P, K, O, C,
H, etc.,) elements.
“ You can’t have
one without the
other”.
-Stacy Tornio
What do you think
will happen if there
is no decomposers?
Level of Hierarchy in an Ecosystem
LESSON 3
Law of
Tolerance
The group of organisms will
thrive in an ecosystem if the
level of abiotic factors fall
within the range of tolerance
appropriate to its individual.
According to Victor E. Shelford, was an American
zoologist and animal ecologist who helped to
establish ecology as a distinct field of study in
1913, Law of Tolerance states that “the presence
and success of an organism depend upon the
completeness of a complex of conditions. In
addition to this, Howard Thomas Odum, was an
American ecologist, further discuss the absence
or failure of an organism can be controlled by
qualitative or quantitative deficiency or excess
with respect to any one of the several factors,
which may approach the limits of tolerance for
that organism”.
environmental factor has two zones:
the zone of tolerance and zone
of intolerance.
Zone of Tolerance
i. Optimum Zone:
The zone where growth, reproduction and
survival capacity is high. Maximum numbers
of organisms are found in this zone.
ii. Stress Zones:
The stress zone is found on either side of the
optimum range in which the activity slows
down. These are the zones of physiological
stress and only a few organisms are found in
these zones.
Zone of Intolerance
In the zone of intolerance or lethal
zones, the intensity of the
environmental factor is too low
or high. No organism can survive
in this zone.
Assignment #3:
1. Define Limiting Factor.
2. What is Law of
Conservation of Mass?
3. What is Law of
Thermodynamics?
THANKS
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