A Seminar On:
Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)
By: Karthik Ram KV, 1st sem [Link] DCN, SJBIT, Bangalore.
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Contents:
Need for Digital Hierarchy. Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH). Synchronous Optical Network (SONET). Network Elements in a SONET System. Transmission Bit Rates of SONET.
SONET Frame Structure.
Advantages of SONET.
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Need for Digital Hierarchy
Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH)
PDH is the conventional digital multiplexing hierarchy. PDH was the first developed digital multiplexing hierarchy. 3 different standards were used in PDH.
North American Standards or T1 Carrier System. European Standards or E1 Carrier System. Japanese Standards or J1 Carrier System.
Plesiochronous means almost synchronous. All the three standards were working in sychronous to their own clock frequencies.
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Different Carrier Systems in PDH
Limitations of PDH
Inability to identify individual channels in a higher bit stream. Insufficient capacity for network management. There is no standardized definition for the PDH Bit Rates. Internetworking between different standards is very difficult. Specialized interface equipments are required for internetworking. Increased Network Complexity.
Difficult Add/Drop Multiplexing.
To make internetworking easier, there arised a need for a synchronous digital multiplexing standard.
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Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)
SONET is a synchronous TDM system controlled by a master clock. SONET is a Synchronous Digital Multiplexing Standard. SONET defines the standards for Optical Telecommunications. SONET was developed by American National Standard Institute (ANSI). SONET defines the Optical Carrier (OC) Levels and electrically equivalent Synchronous Transport Signal (STS) for Fiber Optic based transmission hierarchy.
Network Elements in a SONET System
Transmission Bit Rates of SONET
SONET Frame Structure
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SONET Frame Structure
Above figure shows the basic frame format of a STS-1 Frame. STS-1 frame is of 810bytes in size arranged in 9 rows and 90 columns. Each cell in the frame is of one byte and it has a data rate of 64kbps. The Fundamental SONET Frame has a duration of 125us. Hence Transmission Bit Rate R of an STS-1 Frame is:
R=(9 rows/frame x 90 bytes/frame x 8bits/byte)/(125us) R=51.84Mbps
First 3 columns of the frame are called as Transport Overhead Bytes (TOH) Overhead Bytes are used for O,A,M,P of the SONET network. In the first 3 columns, first 3 rows of bytes are called as Section Overhead Bytes (SOH). Remaining 6 rows are called as Line Overhead Bytes (LOH). Section Overhead and Line Overhead in together they are called as Transport Overhead (TOH). Remaining 87 columns are called as Synchronous Payload Envelope Bytes (SPE). SPE carries the user data plus one column of Path Overhead Bytes (POH).
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Overheads in STS-1 Frame
The three types of overheads are:
Section Overhead (SOH) Line Overhead (LOH) Path Overhead (POH)
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Section Overhead (SOH)
9 bytes of SOH are there in STS-1 frame. SOH is arranged in first 3 rows of first 3 columns of the STS-1 frame. SOH contains the information required for the elements at both ends of a section. SOH has Parity bytes which are used to detect transmission errors in the section. SOH provides Local Orderwire. SOH provides Framing Bytes which represents the starting of a STS-1 frame. SOH provides 3bytes of data communication channels which are used for maintenance purpose of the section.
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Line Overhead (LOH)
18 bytes of Line Overhead in STS-1 frame, arranged in last 6 rows of the first 3 columns of the frame. LOH provides Automatic Protection Switch Over. LOH provides 9bytes of DCC meant for maintenance of the line and local orderwire. LOH provides Parity bytes for the transmission error detection over the line. LOH provides Payload pointer which points to the starting byte of the SPE. LOH provides some bytes for enabling the Add/Drop multiplexing.
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Path Overhead (POH)
9 bytes of POH are there in STS-1 frame. POH is the 1st column of the SPE. It consists of path trace byte which is a user programmable byte and is used by the receiver to verify its path with the transmitting end. POH consists of overhead bytes which are used to detect the transmission errors over the entire path. POH consists of a Path Status byte which is used to convey the path terminating status and performance back to the path terminating equipment.
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Advantages of SONET
Provides higher transmission rates and increased capacity. All the network elements works in synchronous with a master clock. Easier Internetworking among different network operators. Simplified Add/Drop multiplexing. Remote management of the network because of more overheads. Reliable transmission of the user data. Provides future proof platforms for new services.
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References
BOOKS: Tektronix SONET Primer. WG Communications SDH Pocket Guide. Optical Fiber Communication by Gerd Kaiser.
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THANK YOU
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