BERNOUL
LI
PRINCIPLE
Team Black Ops
Background
◦ Bernoulli's principle forms the foundation of fluid dynamics, explaining the
relationship between velocity, pressure, and potential energy in a flowing fluid. It
was derived from the conservation of energy principle by Daniel Bernoulli in 1738.
His work addressed how the total energy in a steady, incompressible flow remains
constant, comprising pressure energy, kinetic energy, and gravitational potential
energy. This principle has profound applications in aerodynamics, meteorology, and
hydraulics.
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Forces of Flight
◦ The forces governing flight are:
• Lift: The upward force counteracting gravity.
• Weight: The force due to gravity acting on the
aircraft.
• Thrust: The forward force propelling the aircraft,
generated by engines.
• Drag: The resistance caused by air friction
opposing motion.
These forces must balance for steady flight, with
lift and thrust overcoming weight and drag
respectively.
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Newton’s Laws of
Motion
◦ Newton's laws play a crucial role in flight mechanics:
[Link] Law (Inertia): A stationary or moving object
will remain so unless acted upon by an external
force, relevant to maintaining steady flight.
[Link] Law (F = ma): Explains how engine thrust
generates acceleration to counter drag.
[Link] Law (Action-Reaction): The propulsion
principle, where engines push air backward, creating
an equal forward thrust.
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Bernoulli’s Princible
◦ Bernoulli’s principle describes how increased fluid
velocity leads to decreased pressure within a
streamline. This principle, in aerodynamics, explains
the pressure difference above and below an airfoil,
leading to lift. Mathematically:
◦ P+12ρv2+ρgh=constantP + \frac{1}{2} \rho v^2 +
\rho gh = \text{constant}P+21
ρv2+ρgh=constantwhere PPP is pressure, ρ\rhoρ is
fluid density, vvv is velocity, and hhh is height.
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Bernoulli Fluid
Experiment
◦ In Bernoulli's experiment, the relationship between
fluid velocity and pressure is demonstrated using
apparatus like Venturi tubes. When fluid passes
through a narrower section, velocity increases, and
pressure decreases, validating the principle. This
experiment is key in understanding aerodynamic
flow in wind tunnels.
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Airfoil
◦ An airfoil is a wing or blade cross-section designed
to generate lift when moving through air. Its shape
—curved on top and flatter below—ensures air
travels faster above, creating low pressure, and
slower below, creating high pressure. This pressure
difference generates a lifting force that acts at
right angles to the airstream and a dragging force
that acts in the same direction as airstream.
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Lift
◦ Lift arises from Bernoulli’s principle and Newton’s
third law. It depends on airspeed, wing surface
area, angle of attack, and air density. Lift is
essential for overcoming weight and achieving
flight, and optimizing airfoil design is crucial for
maximizing it. For an aircraft to fly, the lift must be
equal to or greater than its weight. At equal values
of speed, size, shape and position of the wing, the
only value that is independent of the aircraft itself
is the density of the atmosphere. The higher the
density the greater the lift.
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Paper bag Mask
◦ Materials needed: Large Paper, Scissors, Tape,
Paper, Ruler, Washable Markers.
◦ How to make it:
1. Mark Placement
2. Design the Face
3. Cut Holes
4. Make a Tongue
5. Test the Mask
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