• Microorganism- an organism that can only be seen through microscope
• Pathogen- an organism that is causing disease to its host
• Antibiotic- medicines that fight bacterial infections in people and animals.
• Sterilization- Process to eliminates all forms of microbial life. (CentealStetileSupplyDepartment)
• Aseptic technique-protects patient during invasive clinical procedures by carry out infection control measures
that minimise the presence of pathogenic organisms.
• Infection control- prevents the spread of infection in healthcare settings
• Nosocomial infection- Referred to as healthcare-associated infection, acquired during the process of receiving
health care that was not present during the time of admission.
• Immunity- The quality or state of being immune, Towards particular disease.
• Susceptible host- The last link in the chain of infection,which the organism will feel the effects of the infectious
disease that has traveld through the chain of [Link] that can get infection easily
• Culture and sensitivity-Culture is to find germs that can cause infection. Sensitivity check what kind of medicine
will work best to treat the illness or infection.
• CBD-Continous bladder drainage
i
• IV intravenous.(more aggressive)
• IM intramuscular.
• Multiplication -> infection-> cellular injury-> s/symptoms->
Diagnosis(IX-investigation) -> disease-> Treatment.
• Provisional diagnosis->ruled out(confirmed diagnosis)
• TRO(to rule out)-Suspecting
Local infection
• -Focus in specific part of the body.
Systemic infection
• Spread to different parts of the body
-Through blood circulation
Acute infection
• Appear suddenly or last a short time
Chronic infection
• Occur slowly, last over a very long period of time.
-Can be developed from Acute infection
Nosocomial Infection(HAI)
• Infection acquired in a hospital or other health care facility that was not
present or incubating at the time of client’s admission.
• Types
-1-don’t have during admission
-2-Endogenous(From patient themselves)
-3-Exogenous (from other patients, nurses or doctor/environment(due to
dangerous in the hospital))
-4-48 hours after admission(considered nosocomial infection)
-5-30days after discharged(considered nosocomial infection)
Chain of infection
• Etiological agent->Reservoir->portal of exit from reservoir->method of
transmission->portal of entry to host-> susceptible host
Etiological
agent -Suitable place to survive and reproduce.
-(human,animals,environment,fomites)
-Biological(Bacteria,Virus)
Susceptible host -chemical(Food additives,pesticides) Reservoir(source)
-Physical-Factors in
environment(Heat,light,noise,radiation)
-Route for infectious agent leave the reservoir
to susceptible host
-Sputum,semen,urine,blood,saliva(body fluid)
Portal of entry to host -Contact(direcet/indirect Portal of exit from reservoir
contact)Eg,gonorrhea,syphilis,hiv,hepatitis b
-airborne(droplets,nuclei,dust)
-Vehicle(Contaminated inanimate objects)
-Vector-borne(Animate, mosquitoes,lice,fleas)
Inoculation(injection ,invasive)
Transplacenta
Method of transmission
Ingestion)
Airbone diseases
• Bacteria
• -Pneumococci and streptococci, which cause disease such as
pharyngitis,tonsilitis,bronchitis,pneumonmia. Mycobacterium
tuberculosis.
Chain of infection
• Etiological agent
-Biological agent(Bacteria,virus)
-Chemical agent(Food addictives)
-Physical agent(Environment, light, radiation)
Chain of infection
• Reservoir
• Suitable place to survive and reproduce.
• (human,animals,environment,fomites)
Chain of infection
• Portal of exit
• Route for infectious agent leave the reservoir to susceptible host
• Sputum,semen,urine,blood,saliva(body fluid)
Chain of infection
• Method of transmission
• - -Contact(direcet/indirect contact)Eg,gonorrhea,syphilis,hiv,hepatitis
b
• -airborne(droplets,nuclei,dust)
• -Vehicle(Contaminated inanimate objects)
• -Vector-borne(Animate, mosquitoes,lice,fleas)
• Inoculation (contaminated blood transfusion)
• Ingestion( ingest of raw food contains parasite)
• Transplacenta (Any parasite transferred from mother to baby)
Chain of infection
• Portal of entry
-From tubes placed in body cavities,such as urinary catheters, or from
punctures produced by invasive procedures such as IV tubed
replacement.
-Blood (open wounds,needle puncture site, any disruption of intact
skin.
Chain of infection
• Susceptible host
Factors that can affect susceptibility
-Age
-Disease process(immune suppression)
-Current medial therapy(following a successful organ transplant)
-level of stress
-nutritional status
Breaking the chain of infection
• Etiological agent
-cleansing
-disinfection
-Sterlization
• Reservoir
-Proper hygiene
-change dressings
-Clean equipment
Clean linen
Breaking the chain of infection
• Portal of exit
-Clean wound
-Covering mouth when sneeze
• Mode of transmission
-Wearing PPE
-Medical surgical asepsis
-Proper disposal of contaminated objects
Breaking the chain of infection
• Portal of entry
-Skin integrity
-Sterile technique
-proper disposal of needles and sharp
• Susceptible host
-intact immune system
-Exercise
-Immunization
-Proper nutrition