Color Models
• The color system was analyzed according to the
International Lighting Commission (CIE).
• The development of color systems has an impact on
visual communication such as television broadcasting
systems, medical image processing, and video signal
processing, as well as in the field of computer such as
graphic equipment and printing.
Color as a phenomenon
• Color is perceived as a phenomenon and not a natural
dimension such as length or temperature, but the
electromagnetic ray of the visible wavelength is
measurable as a natural quantity, so there is an
appropriate form of representation for mathematical
requirements.
• In human color, these different requirements cannot
meet both, which is why the representation used varies
according to the target of processing in the application
used.
• Color spaces refer to harmonized systems in which
values are represented by the standard color scheme in
accordance with the International Lighting Commission
(CIE) standard.
• The color spaces can be extracted from “red color,
green color, and blue color” (RGB) information, the
three primary colors that cannot be dealt with in
mathematical and technical processors.
• Review paper
Mathematical Representation of Color Spaces and Its Role in
Communication Systems
• A color model is an abstract mathematical model that
describes how colors can be represented as a set of
numbers (e.g., a triple in RGB or a quad in CMYK). Color
models can usually be described using a coordinate
system, and each color in the system is represented by
a single point in the coordinate space.
RGB
• RGB color model stores individual values for red, green,
and blue.
• With a color space based on the RGB color model, the
three primaries are added together to create colors
from completely white to completely black.
• The RGB color space is associated with the device.
Thus, different scanners get different color image data
when scanning the same image; different monitors have
different color display results when rendering the same
image.
• There are many different RGB color spaces derived from
this color model, standard RGB (sRGB) is a popular
example.
HSV
• HSV (hue, saturation, value), known as HSB (hue,
saturation, brightness), is often used by artists because
it is more natural to think about a color in terms of hue
and saturation than in terms of additive or subtractive
color components.
• The system is closer to people’s experience and
perception of color than RGB.
• In painting terms, hue, saturation, and values are
expressed in terms of color, shading, and toning.
• The saturation S is represented by the S direction from
the center to the hexagonal boundary, and the value
varies from 0 to 1. The closer to the hexagonal
boundary, the higher the color saturation. The color of
the hexagonal boundary is the most saturated, ie S = 1;
the color saturation at the center of the hexagon is 0, ie
S = 0.
• The height of the hexagonal pyramid (also known as the
central axis) is denoted by V, which represents a black
to white gradation from bottom to top. The bottom of V
is black, V = 0; the top of V is white, V = 1.
YUV
• The Y′UV model defines a color space in terms of one
luma component (Y′) and two chrominance (UV)
components. The Y′ channel saves black and white data.
If there is only the Y component and there are no U and
V components, then the graph represented is grayscale.
• The Y component can be calculated with the following
equation: Y = 0. 299*R+ 0. 587*G+ 0. 114*B, which is
the commonly used grayscale formula. The color
difference U and V are compressed by B-Y and R-Y in
different proportions.
• Compared with RGB, Y’UV does not necessarily store a
triple tuple for each pixel. Y′UV images can be sampled
in several different ways. For example, with YUV420, it
saves one luma component for every point and two
chroma values—a Cr (U) value and a Cb (V) value—
every 2×2 points. i.e. 6 bytes per 4 pixels.
• The scope of the terms Y′UV, YUV, YCbCr, YPbPr, etc., is
sometimes ambiguous and overlapping. Historically, the
terms YUV and Y′UV were used for a specific analog
encoding of color information in television systems,
while YCbCr was used for digital encoding of color
information suited for video and still-image compression
and transmission such as MPEG and JPEG.
• Today, the term YUV is commonly used in to describe
file-formats that are encoded using YCbCr.
Color space conversion
RGB to Grayscale
• Average Method
• The Average method takes the average value of R, G,
and B as the grayscale value.
• Grayscale = (R + G + B ) / 3.
• Theoretically, the formula is 100% correct. But when
writing code, you may encounter uint8 overflow error —
the sum of R, G, and B is greater than 255. To avoid the
exception, R, G, and B should be calculated respectively.
• Grayscale = R / 3 + G / 3 + B / 3.
The Weighted Method
• The weighted method, also called luminosity method,
weighs red, green and blue according to their
wavelengths. The improved formula is as follows:
• Grayscale = 0.299R + 0.587G + 0.114B
YUV TO Grayscale