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LE S SO ES
S IS S U
M EN ’ N T
W O O P M E
D EV E L
IN
 Definition of
terms:
Development Women in
- the process in Development
- approach of
which someone or development projects
something grows that emerged in the
or changes and 1960s, calling for
becomes more treatment of women’s
issues in development
advanced. projects.
 Definition of terms:
Women and Gender and
Development Development
- approach comes from the was developed in the
perspective that equality 1980s, stepped away
will be essential to from both WID and was
improving women’s
founded in socialist-
position, but still frames
change in terms of feminist ideology
providing women access to ( Rathgeber 1990,493.
the productive sector.
Women in Development
(WID) - approached this issue- the
exclusion of women from
development program and
approaches. WID saw
women as a group that
lacks opportunity to
participate in
development.
Women in Development
(WID)
The WID approach emphasized the
importance of the integration of women
into development program and planning.

WID was successful in helping secure a

prominent place for women's issues at the
United Nations (UN) and other international
development agencies.
United National Independence Party (UNIP)
was formed as the national machinery to
address women's development issues.

Women and Development (WAD)

- approach arose in the latter part of the 1970s.
Adopting a Marxists feminist approach, the main
argument of WAD was that women had always been
part of the development process.
Women and Development (WAD)
The main focus of WAD is on the interaction
between women and development process
rather than purely on strategies to integrate
women into development.

WAD saw both women and men as not benefiting

from global economic structures because of
disadvantage due to class and the way wealth is
distributed.
Gender and Development
(GAD)
Looks at the impact of development
on both women and men. It seeks to
ensure the both women and men
participate in and benefits equally
from development and so,
emphasizes equality of benefits and
control.
It recognizes that women may be involved in
development, but not necessarily benefits from it.
Gender and Development
(GAD)
GAD is not concerned with women exclusively,
but with the way in which gender relations allot
specific roles, responsibilities, and expectations
between men and women often to the detriment
of women.
This approach also pays particular attention to
the oppression of women in the family or the
"private sphere" of women's lives.
GAD focuses on the social or gender relations.
PRACTICAL APPROACHES TO
THE DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN
The Welfare Approach
Until the early 1970s, development
programs addressed the needs of
women almost entirely within the
context of their reproductive roles.

Population control - or family

planning as it later came to be
known- was a major focus as well due
to the link made between population
growth and poverty.
The Equity Approach
Feminist calls for gender equality
were important in bringing about this
approach, the main aim of which was
to eliminate discrimination.

In contrast to the welfare

approach, saw women as active
participants organizing to bring
about necessary changes.
The Anti- Poverty Approach
Focuses on both the productive and
reproductive role of women with an
emphasis on satisfaction of basic
needs and the productivity of
women.

This approach was to reinforce

the basic needs and ignore the
strategic needs of women.
The Efficiency Approach
Aims to have increased
production and economic
growth with an emphasis on
full use of human resources.

Advocate of this approach

argue that gender analysis
makes good economic
sense.
The Empowerment Approach
Aim of the empowerment approach is to
increase the self- reliance of women and
to influence change at the policy,
legislative, societal, economic, and other
levels to their advantage.

Empowerment approach has been

instrumental in ensuring that
opportunities are opened for women
to determine their own needs.
 SUMMARY
WID, WAD, and GAD evolved towards
achieving women empowerment since the
mid- 19 century and up to present. Aside
th

from that, several practical approaches

had been utilized to underscore the role of
women in nation- building and vice versa.
 LESSON 23: GENDER
INEQUALITY IN MARRIAGE AND
CRIMINALS LAWS
 Definition of Terms:
Marriage - a special contract of permanent
union between a man and a women entered
into in accordance with law for the
establishment of conjugal and family life.

It is the foundation of the

family and an invoilable
institution.
 Introduction
Marriage laws in the Philippines are only based on
sex and not on gender. In the 1987 Philippine
Constitution, marriage is stated as
"an inviolable social institution,
is the foundation of the family
and shall be protected by the
State",
(Art. XV, Section 2, 1987
Constitution).
Article 1, The Family
Code of the
Article 333 and Article 202 of
Philippines 334 of the the Revised
- under the Family Revised Penal
Code, marriage is
Penal Code
Code
defined as " a special
- the crime of
- vagrants
contract of
permanent union adultery and
between a man and presents prostitutes
a woman entered in
accordance with law harsher pertain only
for the establishment requisites than to women.
of conjugal and the crime of
family life.
concubinage.
THE PRIMACY OF THE DECISION OF THE
HUSBAND/FATHER

Article 14 of the Family Code of the Philippines

In case either or both of the contracting parties, not
having been emancipated by a previous marriage, are
between the ages of eighteen and twenty- one, they shall,
in addition to the requirements of the preceding articles
exhibit to the local civil registrar, the consent to their
marriage of their father, mother, surviving parent or
guardian, or persons having legal charge of them, in the
ordered mentioned.
On the administration and enjoyment of community
property or conjugal partnership , Article 96 and 124 of
the Family Code provide that:

Article 96 - the administration and enjoyment

of the community property shall belong to
both spouses jointly. In case of
disagreement, the husband's decision shall
prevail, subject to recourse to the court by
the wife for proper remedy, which must be availed
of within five years from the date of the contract
implementing such decision.
On the administration and enjoyment of community
property or conjugal partnership , Article 96 and 124 of
the Family Code provide that:

Article 124 - the administration and enjoyment of

the conjugal partnership shall belong to both
spouses jointly. In case of disagreement, the
husband's decision shall prevail, subject to
recourse to the court by the wife for proper
remedy, which must be availed of within five years
from the date of the contract implementing such
decision.
On the exercise of parental authority over the person
and legal guardianship over the property of common
children, Articles 211 and 225 of the Family Code state
that:

Article 211- the father and the mother shall

jointly exercise parental authority over the
persons of their common children. In case of
disagreement, the father's decision shall prevail,
unless there is a judicial order to the contrary.
On the exercise of parental authority over the
person and legal guardianship over the property of
common children, Articles 211 and 225 of the Family
Code state that:

Article 225- the father and the mother shall jointly

exercise legal guardianship over the property of
the un- emancipated common child without the
necessity of a court appointment. In case of dis
agreement, the father's decision shall prevail,
unless there is a judicial order to the contrary.
HIGHER BURDENS ON WOMEN/WIVES THAN
MEN/HUSBANDS
The crimes of adultery and concubinage include the
concept of marital infidelity.
Adultery- involves a wife who engages into sexual
intercourse with a man not her husband. On the
other hand, concubinage involves a husband who
has (1) sexual intercourse with a woman not his wife
under scandalous circumstances (2) kept another
woman in the conjugal home; or (3) cohabiting with
another woman in another dwelling.
FORGIVENESS CLAUSE IN THE CRIME OF RAPE (RA
8353 OR THE ANTI- RAPE LAW)
- contains a clause that can easily exonerate the offender
and can further endanger the victim.
In the law, it was stated that: “subsequent valid
marriage between the offender and the offended party
shall extinguish the criminal action or the penalty
imposed.”
Further, it also recognizes that “if the offender is the
legal husband x x x the subsequent forgiveness by the
wife who is the offended party x x x shall extinguish the
criminal action or the penalty.”
EXCLUSIVE DEFINITION OF
PROSTITUTION

Article 202 of the revised Penal Code,

amended by Republic Act No. 10158
- retained the decades-old definition of
prostitutes as “women who, for money or
profit, habitually engage in sexual intercourse
or lascivious conduct x x x”.
SUMMARY

The Family Code, which contains marital law

and provisions, include provisions which
depict gender inequality.
Legislations on “Same Sex Marriage” are
good initiatives to address this issue on
gender inequality in marital laws.
SUMMARY

Criminal laws are not that different as

clearly, some provisions therein, favor the
male sex over the female sex. Worse, this
pertains to crimes, involving penalties for
imprisonment.