AC Machine
AC Machine:
An AC Machine is an electro-mechanical energy conversion device.
The output of the AC machine is AC Power or Mechanical Energy.
Types of AC machines:
AC Generators.
AC Motors.
AC Generator:
An AC Generator is a machine which converts mechanical enegy into electrical energy. It is based on the principle of
production of dynamically induced e.m.f.
They are generally known as Synchronous Generator or Alternator
Whenever a conductor cuts magnetic flux, dynamically induced e.m.f. is produced in it according to Faraday's Law's of
Electromagnetic Induction.
AC Motor:
An AC motor is an electric motor that runs on AC power. In any electric motor, operation is dependent upon simple
electromagnetism. It is a device which converts electrical energy to mechanical energy.
It works on the fact that a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field experiences a force which causes it to
rotate with respect to its original position.
Classifications of AC Machine:
AC Generator:
a) Single phase Generator
b) Three phase generator or Alternator or Synchronous Generator
AC Motor:
According to principle of operation
c) Synchronous motor
d) Asynchronous motor
According to type of current fed
e) Single phase
f) Three phase
Construction of AC Machine:
Stator: Stationary part of a machine
Rotor: Rotating/moving part of a machine
Working of Induction motor
Rotating magnetic field:
At Position 0
For Phase 1, 1=m Sin=0 ( As at position 1, =0 degree)
3
For Phase 2, 2= m Sin( -120)=m Sin(-120)= - m
2
3
For Phase 3, 3= m Sin( -240)=m Sin(120)= m
2
Working of Induction motor
Rotating magnetic field:
At position 0
Resultant R= 2+ 3
3 2 2 3 2 2 3 3
R ( ) m ( ) m 2( m )( m ) cos 60
2 2 2 2
3 2 3 2 1
R 2 m 2( m )
4 4 2
3 2
R 3 m
4
3
m
2
Flemings RIGHT HAND RULE: Flemings LEFT HAND RULE:
This one is used for finding induced current in generator. This one is used for finding induced current in motor
)
)
Induction motor working principle:
Schematic
Slip:
The difference between synchronous speed, N s and the actual
speed of N of the rotor is known as slip. It is expressed as a
percentage synchronous speed.
Here, Ns – N= Slip speed.
Construction of DC Machine:
YOKE or Magnetic Frame:
• It supports the pole core.
• Act as a Protecting cover to the machine.
• The magnetic frame mainly provides a path to the magnetic flux produced in the poles.
Features: Cast Iron
The materials used for making yoke are
high mechanical strength and high
permeability.
Construction of DC Machine:
Magnetic Pole Cores and Pole Shoes:
• It supports the field coils.
• Pole shoes also spread the magnetic field flux uniformly in the air gap between armature and field.
Features: Cast Iron
In small machines, magnetic pole cores are
made of solid piece of cast iron or cast
steel. In larger machines, the poles cores
are made of laminations of cold rolled steel
Construction of DC Machine:
Field Coil:
• This coil is put into the pole core.
• Forms an electromagnet
• Produces field flux within which the armature conductor of the DC machine rotates, and results in
the effective flux cutting.
Construction of DC Machine:
Armature Core:
• The rotating part of the DC machine is called the armature.
• Armature core includes the huge number of slots within its edge.
• Armature conductor is located in these slots
Construction of DC Machine:
Armature Winding:
• It’s a coil that is placed in the slots of armature edge.
Construction of DC Machine:
Commutator:
• The commutator is fitted on the main shaft of the machine. It collects the alternating armature current and
mechanically rectifies it to DC.
So its basic purpose in DC machine is to convert the AC to DC and DC to AC.
Construction of DC Machine:
Carbon Brushes:
• Brushes in the DC machine gather the current from commutator and supplies it to exterior load.
Flemings RIGHT HAND RULE: Flemings LEFT HAND RULE:
This one is used for finding induced current in generator. This one is used for finding induced current in motor
)
)
DC Motor Working Principle:
Case I Case II
Equivalent circuit of different types of DC Motor:
Application of DC Motor: