VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Jnana SANGAMA, Belgaum-590018
Internship Presentation on
STUDY ON CNC MACHINES
Submitted by Internship Co-Ordinator
Praveen Kumar N Prof. Ramesh
DEPT OF Mechanical
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Sea College Of Engineering & Technology
K. R. Puram, Bangalore-560036
2022-2023
CONTENTS
About the company
Introduction
Need for CNC Machine
Types of CNC Machines
Block diagram of CNC Machine
Working of CNC Machine
Conclusion
About “SAINT GOBAIN”
350 Years – A Story of Transformation
Older than independent India, SAINT-GOBAIN
took its first breath in the YEAR1665. From a
traditional, family-run business, it grew into a
professional, diversified, global corporation,
revered the world over for its integrity and
purpose.
1665-2015
Saint-Gobain’s history begins in 1665 when King Louis
XIV signed the documents officially creating the
Manufacture IN GLASS INDUSTRY.
IN THE YEAR 2015 SAINT-GOBAIN CELEBRATED
350 YEARS
CNC Machine
The full form of CNC is Computerised Numerical Control. CNC is
a control system that controls devices running on electronic digital
computers. It regulates, optimises, and records a machine moving
objects. It can be a router, grinder, laser cutter, welder, milling
machine, etc.
A numeric control system in which the data handling, control
sequences, and response to input is determined by an on-board
computer system at the machine tool.
CNC turning is a manufacturing process that involves holding
bars of material in a chuck and rotating them while feeding a
tool to the piece to remove material until the desired shape is
achieved. As the desired shape is achieved through the removal
of material, it is also known as subtraction machining.
A face mill or shell mill is typically the first tool used in a
CNC machining operation.(Face milling is a type of CNC
milling process―which means it involves removing portions
of material from a workpiece using cutting tools.)
Parts of a CNC Machine
Electrical parts, including:
Processor/control board (some machines may use a PC) :It is the electronic
circuitry that carries out instructions in a computer. The central processing unit or
central processor carries out basic functions like basic arithmetic, controlling, logic,
and input/output operations.
Stepper shield : The main feature that makes them so special is the ability to
precisely control the degree of rotation. Each motor is connected to a driver board
that powers and controls them.
Stepper drivers : The stepper motor is a great choice for the common open loop
CNC machine, the computer can count the steps and direction for the stepper motor
on each axis; moving the machine so that we can 3D print or CNC cut parts
accurately.
Motors : The types of CNC machine motors, including stepper motors,
servo motors. Each has its own set of pros and cons, allowing you to
choose the right motor for your specific application.
Servo motors :The motor is controlled with an electric signal, either
analog or digital, which determines the amount of movement which
represents the final command position for the shaft.
Stepper motor : These types of machines are controlled by an
electronic circuit with a series of switches that each break the circuit in
a specific order. This causes the electromagnetic fields to activate at
different times, moving components in a specific sequence.
Power supply : Specifically, it utilizes an Arduino Uno and requires a
12-36 volt power supply to drive the motors.
Mechanical tools :
Tools such as cutting tools : a hardened metal tool that is used to cut,
shape, and remove material from a workpiece by means of machining
tools as well as abrasive tools by way of shear deformation.
A frame : A CNC Milling Machine Frame supports the machine and
provides rigidity to resist cutting forces.
Bearings : The bearings serve to reduce friction and allow for smoother
rotation. This cuts down on the amount of energy consumption.
Guides and supports , spacers, washers , nuts , screws and bolts
Types of CNC Machines
There are eight types of CNC machines:
1. CNC Mills,
2. CNC Routers,
3. CNC Plasma Cutting Machines,
4. CNC Lathes,
5. CNC Laser Cutters,
6. CNC Water-jet Cutters,
7. CNC Electrical Discharge Machines (EDM), and
8. CNC grinders.
Block diagram of CNC Machine
Elements of CNC Machine
A CNC Machine consists of following 6 major elements
1. Input device
2. Machine control unit
3. Machine tool
4. Driving system
5. Feedback devices
6. Display unit
The main parts of the CNC machine are
(i) Input Devices: These are the devices which are used to input the part
program in the CNC machine. There are three commonly used input devices
and these are punch tape reader, magnetic tape reader and computer via RS-
232-C communication.
(ii) Machine Control Unit (MCU):
It is the heart of the CNC machine. It performs all the controlling action of the
CNC machine, the various functions performed by the MCU are
• It reads the coded instructions fed into [Link] decodes the coded instruction.
• It implements interpolation ( linear, circular and helical ) to generate axis
motion commands.
• It feeds the axis motion commands to the amplifier circuits for driving the
axis mechanisms.
• It receives the feedback signals of position and speed for each drive axis.
• It implements the auxiliary control functions such as coolant or spindle
on/off and tool change.
(iii) Machine Tool:
A CNC machine tool always has a slide table and a spindle to
control of the position and speed. The machine table is controlled
in X and Y axis direction and the spindle is controlled in the Z axis
direction.
(iv) Driving System:
The driving system of a CNC machine consists of amplifier
circuits, drive motors and ball lead screw. The MCU feeds the
signals (i.e. of position and speed) of each axis to the amplifier
circuits. The control signals are than augmented (increased) to
actuate the drive motors. And the actuated drive motors rotate the
ball lead screw to position the machine table.
(v) Feedback System:
This system consists of transducers that act as sensors. It is also
called a measuring system. It contains position and speed
transducers that continuously monitor the position and speed of the
cutting tool located at any instant. The MCU receives the signals
from these transducers and it uses the difference between the
reference signals and feedback signals to generate the control
signals for correcting the position and speed errors.
(vi) Display Unit:
A monitor is used to display the programs, commands and other
useful data of CNC machine.
How CNC Machine Works ?
First, the part program is inserted into the MCU of the CNC.
In MCU all the data process takes place and according to the
program prepared, it prepares all the motion commands and
sends it to the driving system.
The drive system works as the motion commands are sent by
MCU. The drive system controls the motion and velocity of
the machine tool.
The feedback system records the position and velocity
measurement of the machine tool and sends a feedback signal
to the MCU.
In MCU, the feedback signals are compared with the reference
signals and if there are errors, it corrects it and sends new
signals to the machine tool for the right operation to happen.
A display unit is used to see all the commands, programs and
other important data. It acts as the eye of the machine.
Conclusion
This internship was a useful experience. I have found what my
strengths and weaknesses are; I gained new knowledge and skills
and met many new people. I achieved many of my learning
goals.
During my industrial training, there were many changes from the
point of learning environments and discussion among colleagues.
It can directly increase the dedication and rational attitude toward
myself.
The company has provided me with the real working
environment. Not only learning the general work scope here but
practical students also have got the opportunities to implement
the work scope with their own strength and abilities during the
internship. It was an advantage for me to be in the
AUTOMOBILE Division where I have boosted up my skills and
abilities. The conclusion I can make is that SAINT-GOBAIN is
the right place for students to do their industrial training.
THANK YOU