Synchronous Motors
Definition:-
Synchronous motors are synchronous
machines used to convert electrical power into
mechanical power.
Basic principle of Motor Operation
The basic principle of synchrounous motor
operation is that the rotor "chases" the rotating
stator magnetic field around in a circle , never
quite catching up with it.
Synchronous motor from magnetic field
perspective:
• Considering a synchronous generator connected to
an infinite bus
• Generator has a prime mover turning its shaft,
causing it to rotate (rotation in direction of Tapp)
Phasor diagram of generator operating with large
field current.
Synchronous motor operation;
• Induced torue is given by:
Tind=kBR x Bnet (1)
Tind=kBR Bnet sinδ (2)
• Note: from magnetic field diagram, induced
torque is clock wise, opposing direction of
rotation in Generator related diagram
• In other words; induced torque in generator is a
countertorque, opposing rotation caused by
external applied torque Tapp
The phasor diagram of [Link] and net
magnetic field
Effect of Load on a Synchronous Motor
• Will study of synchronous motor, under varying condition of load and field
current, also its application to power factor correction.
• Armature resistance is ignored for simplicity.
• Torque-speed characterstics:
• [Link] supply power to load that are constant speed devices.
• Usually connected to power system,and power systems appear as infinite buses
to motors
• Means that Terminal voltage & system frequency will be constant regardless of
amount of power drawn by motor.
• Speed of rotation is locked to applied electrical frequency
• So speed of motor will be constant regardless of the load.
• Resulting torque speed characterstics curve:
•
• S.S speed of motor is constant from no load up to [Link] that motor can
supply(pullout torque) speed requlation of motor is 0%.
• Torque equation;
• Pullout torqur occur when angle=90
• Full load torque is less than 1/3 of pullout torque.
• When torque on shaft of [Link] exceeds pullout torque,rotor cannot remain
locked to stator and net magnetic [Link] starts to slip behind them.
• As rotor slows down,stator magnetic field “laps” it,and direction of induced torque
reverses in each pass.
• Loss of synchronization after pullout torque is exceeded known as “Slipping poles”.
• T max = T ind (angle=90).
• Therefore there is a stability advantage in operating motor with large field current
or E A .
• Effect of Load changes on motor operation:
• When load attached to shaft,[Link] develop enough torque to keep
motor& its load turning at [Link].
• Now if load changed on [Link],syn motor operating with leading power
factor:
• If load on shaft increased,rotor will initially slow down,torque angle larger
and induced torque increses.
• Internal induced voltage E A =Kw depends on field current and and speed of
machine.
• |E A | remains constant as load changes.
• Distances proportional to power increase while E A remains constant.
• P.F angle chg too causing less leading and gradually lagging.
The Effect of Field Current Changes on a
Synchronous Motor
• An increase in field current increases the
magnitude of EA but does not effect the real
power supplied by the motor.
• A change in IF does not affect the shaft speed n m,
and since the load attached to the shaft is
unchanged, the real power supplied is
unchanged.
• Of course, VT is also constant, since it is kept
constant by the source supplying the motor.
• As the value of EA increase, the magnitude of the IA first
decreases and then increases again.
• At low EA, IA is lagging, and motor is an inductive load.
• It is acting like an inductive-resistive combination, consuming
reactive power Q.
• As the IF is increased, the IA eventually lines up with V, and the
motor looks purely resistive.
• As the IF is increased further, the IA becomes leading, and the
motor becomes a capacitive load.
• It is now acting like a capacitor-resistor combination, consuming
negative reactive power –Q or alternatively, supplying reactive
power Q to the system.
A plot of IA versus IF for a synchronous motor is called
a synchronous motor V curve.
• There are several V curve drawn, corresponding to
different real power levels.
• For each curve, the minimum IA occur at unity
power factor, when only real power is being
supplied to motor.
• For IF less than the value giving minimum IA, the IA
is lagging, consuming Q.
• By controlling the IF of synchronous motor, the
reactive power supplied to or consumed by the
power system can be controlled.
Thank You