Introduction to Electric Vehicle Technology

BEE654B

Mrs. Preethi S
Assistant Professor
Department of EEE
NIE Mysuru

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru Electric Vehicles – Module 1 1

 Syllabus

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru Electric Vehicles – Module 1 2

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru Electric Vehicles – Module 1 3
 Module – 1
Introduction to Electric Vehicles

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru Introduction to electric vehicle Technology, Module 1 4

 Introduction
• An electric vehicle (EV) is one that operates on an electric motor, instead
of an internal-combustion engine that generates power by burning a mix of
fuel and gases.
• Therefore, such a vehicle is seen as a possible replacement for current-
generation automobile, in order to address the issue of rising pollution,
global warming, depleting natural resources, etc.
• Though the concept of electric vehicles has been around for a long time, it
has drawn a considerable amount of interest in the past decade amid a
rising carbon footprint and other environmental impacts of fuel-based
vehicles.

Introduction to electric vehicle Technology, Module 1

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru 5
 Electro mobility and the Environment

• Practically no one had the remotest notion of the future of the internal
combustion engine, while we were just on the edge of the great electrical
development.
• As with every comparatively new idea, electricity was expected to do
much more than we even now have any indication that it can do.
• A road car could not run on a trolley even if trolley wires had been less
expensive; no storage battery was in sight of a weight that was practical.
That is not to say that I held or now hold electricity cheaply, we have not
yet begun to use electricity.
• But it has its place, and the internal-combustion engine has its place.
Neither can substitute for the other – which is exceedingly fortunate.”
Henry Ford in 1923, reflecting on 1899.

Introduction to electric vehicle

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru 6
Technology, Module 1
 Historical development of Automobiles
Steam powered cars
• In 1900, steam technology was advanced.
• The advantages of steam-powered cars included high performance in terms of
power and speed.
• However, the disadvantages of steam-powered cars included poor fuel economy
and the need to “fire up the boiler” before driving.
• Feed water was a necessary input for steam engine, therefore could not tolerate
the loss of fresh water.
• Later, Steam condensers were applied to the steam car to solve the feed water
problem.
• However, by that time Gasoline cars had won the marketing battle.

Introduction to electric vehicle

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru 7
Technology, Module 1
 Historical development of Automobiles
Electrical cars:
• In comparison, electric cars were comfortable, quiet, clean, and fashionable.
• Electric cars did not need to be cranked, a feature especially attractive to women.
• Ease of control was also a desirable feature.
• Golden age of Electrical vehicle marked from 1890 to 1924 with peak production
of electric vehicles in 1912.
• However, the range was limited by energy storage in the battery, After every trip,
the battery required recharging.
• At the 1924 automobile show, no electric cars were on display, the end of the
Golden Age.

Introduction to electric vehicle

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru 8
Technology, Module 1
 Historical development of Automobiles
Gasoline cars
• Gasoline cars of 1900 were noisy, dirty, smelly, cantankerous, and unreliable.
• The range of a gasoline car was far superior to that of either a steam or an electric
car and dominated the automobile market from 1924 to 1960.
• The superior range of a gasoline car can be explained by the energy density of
gasoline compared to a battery.
• A quantity of 1 kg of gasoline has 360 times the energy of a 1 kg, fully charged,
lead acid battery.
• Accounting for the relative drive efficiencies of electric and gasoline cars, gasoline
still enjoys a 70 to 80 times advantage.
• The modern period starts with the oil embargoes and the gasoline shortages during
the 1970s which created long lines at gas stations.
Introduction to electric vehicle
Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru 9
Technology, Module 1
 Historical development of Automobiles
Hybrid cars
• Customers realized that despite its many advantages, the limited range of the
electric car was a big letdown.
• Moreover, the inconvenience of recharging and the long recharge times reduced
its appeal.
• Engineers recognized that the good features of the gasoline engine could be
combined with those of the electric motor to produce a superior car.
• The gasoline engine contributes the favorable range capability.
• The electric car provides quiet comfort and ease of control.
• A marriage of the two yields the hybrid automobile.
• Hybrids could be started with the simple motion of pushing a button, the
electric motor can spin the gas engine at high rpm for starting.
Introduction to electric vehicle
Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru 10
Technology, Module 1
 Historical development of Automobiles

Introduction to electric vehicle

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru 11
Technology, Module 1
 History of electric vehicles

There are three evolutionary eras of electric cars, and we shall now discuss the
bigger historical picture.
Part I – The Birth of the Electric Car
Part II – The Resurgent Electric Powertrain
Part III – Success at Last for the Electric Powertrain

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru Electric Vehicles - Module 1 12

 Part I – The Birth of the Electric Car

• The first self-propelled vehicles were powered by steam. Steam vehicles were fueled by coal and
wood and took a relatively long time to generate the steam to power the pistons by heating the
furnace of an external combustion engine.
• The modern vehicle, first developed by Karl Benz in the 1880s, is based on the internalcombustion
(IC) engine. The early vehicles were unreliable, noisy, polluting, and difficult to start. Meanwhile,
modern electrical technologies were being invented as Nikola Tesla.
• Battery electric vehicles (BEVs), energized by lead-acid batteries and using a dc power system,
competed with IC engine vehicles in the 1890s. Electric vehicles (EVs) did not have the starting
problems of the IC engine and had no tailpipe emissions.
• The low range of the BEVs was not necessarily a problem at the time as the road system was not
developed, and so comfortable roads were not available for long driving. In 1900, the sales of
gasoline vehicles and EVs in the United States were comparable in quantity, but EV sales were to
collapse over the next decade

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru Electric Vehicles - Module 1 13

 Part I – The Birth of the Electric Car (cont.,)

• Interestingly, EV sales were poor in the Europe of this period as the French and German auto
manufacturers, such as Renault, Peugeot, Daimler, and Benz, were leading the world in the
development of the IC engine.
• The dominance of the IC engine was to be established with two major developments. First, Henry
Ford mass-produced the Model T and drove down the sales price of the gasoline vehicle to
significantly below that of both his competitors and of the EVs. However, the gasoline vehicle still
needed a manual crank in order to start the engine.
• The second major development was the elimination of the manual crank by Charles Kettering’s
invention of the electric ignition and start. These electric technologies were introduced by Cadillac in
1912 and, ironically, effectively consigned the BEV to history.
• As the electrically started gasoline cars proliferated, so did road systems. The mobility delivered by
the car fostered the development of modern society as it stimulated individualized transportation
and suburbanization.

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru Electric Vehicles - Module 1 14

 Part II – The Resurgent Electric Powertrain

• The diesel engine was introduced for vehicles in 1922, 32 years after it was invented by Rudolf
Diesel in 1890 as a more efficient compression-ignition (CI) IC engine compared to the spark-
ignition (SI) IC engine fueled by gasoline.
• The first commercial diesel engines were actually developed by a spin-off company of the US
brewer Anheuser Busch.
• In recent times, the diesel engine became a choice for light vehicles, especially in Europe, due to its
reduced carbon emissions compared to gasoline. Of course, burning fossil fuels in the engine does
not come without an environmental cost.
• In the late 1980s, General Motors (GM) decided to develop an all-electric car. The motivations were
many. Which pushed the boundaries to develop the lightweight, lowdrag, solar-powered electric car.
• The initial GM prototype BEV, known as the Impact, was developed in Southern California, and GM
committed to mass-producing the car.

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru Electric Vehicles - Module 1 15

 Part II – The Resurgent Electric Powertrain(cont.,)

• The improved traction motor was a high-power ac induction motor based on the inventions of Nikola
Tesla. The car body was built of aluminum in order to reduce vehicle weight.
• The vehicle aerodynamics were lower than any production vehicle of the day. The vehicle featured
advanced silicon technology to control all the electronics in the vehicle and the new IGBT silicon
switch to ensure efficient and fast control of the motor.
• This vehicle introduced electric steering, braking, and cabin heating and cooling. The EV1 featured
extensive diagnostics, a feature that is now commonly employed in most vehicles to improve fuel
economy and handling.
• Toyota realized early on that the hybrid technology enabled a decoupling of the traffic condition from
the engine use, such that the overall fuel economy could be maximized.
• The vehicle introduced technologies such as electric stop-start and idle control, whichhave become
common.

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru Electric Vehicles - Module 1 16

 Part III – Success at Last for the Electric Powertrain

• The basic limitation for electric cars in the industrial age has been the battery. Significant battery
development efforts in the 1970s focused on the lithium battery.
• Tesla Motors was founded in Silicon Valley, and the first vehicle from Tesla was the Tesla Roadster
in 2007. The Tesla Roadster was the first mass-market EV featuring Liion cells. It had a very high
number of cells, 6,831 Panasonic cells in total.
• Tesla built on the Roadster success with the subsequent introduction of the Tesla Model S luxury
sedan in 2012, the Tesla Model X in 2015, and the Model 3 in 2017. The company, led by CEO Elon
Musk, has very successfully competed in the automotive marketplace, and has attracted buyers
globally to EVs.
• Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) continue to dominate the EV market with multiple products from
Toyota, Ford, Honda, Hyundai, BMW, Volkswagen, and others. A number of manufacturers are
following General Motors’ Chevy Volt, a variant on a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV).

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru Electric Vehicles - Module 1 17

 Part III – Success at Last for the Electric Powertrain(cont.,)

• Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) continue to dominate the EV market with multiple
products from Toyota, Ford, Honda, Hyundai, BMW, Volkswagen, and others.
• A number of manufacturers are following General Motors’ Chevy Volt, a variant on a plug-
in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV).
• Fuel cell vehicles with electric powertrains have also been introduced. Fuel cells have
been around for a long time. For example, fuel cells have been used on spacecraft for
decades.
• The automotive fuel cell converts stored hydrogen and oxygen from the air into electricity.
The hydrogen must be highly compressed to obtain adequate storage onthe vehicle.

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru Electric Vehicles - Module 1 18

 History of electric vehicles
Phase 1: Historical background

1834 - Non rechargable battery operated EV

1874 - After the invention of lead-acid battery, A rechargable battery based EV is built.
1886 - First electrical trolley systems.
1990 - Among 4200 automobiles sold in USA [38% EV, 22% ICEV, 40% Steam engine]
1894 - “Electrobat” from electric carriage and wagon company [US]
1898 - “Columbia” from pope manufacturing company [US]
1897 - “victoria” riker electric motor company[US], famous for its design.

Introduction to electric vehicle

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru Technology, Module 1 19
 History of electric vehicles
Phase 1: Historical background

1897 - London electric cab company, Engaland.

[1899 - 1906] - Bouquet, Garcin and schiure(BGS) had world record of
290km/charge.
1899 - “Jamais contente” captured a record of 110km/hr in may.
1912 - Nearly 34,000 Ev’s were registered in US.
1925 - Henry ford mass produced “Ford nodel J” in 1925 and reduced its price by
over 1/3rd to its price ( this made EV’s costlier compared to ICEV)
The second development was invention of automobile starter motor by charles
keetering, that helped to remove manual cranking required in ICEV and enabled
electric ignition and start (this made ICEV user friendly compared to EV’s).
1930 - EV’s start dissappeared.
Introduction to electric vehicle
Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru Technology, Module 1 20
 History of electric vehicles
Phase 2: Historical background

1970’s - Reasons that led resurgence of EV’s

The arab oil embargo of 1973 increased demands for alternate energy source.
Increased air pollution lead to worst smog in london in 1950’s and in california in 1960’s and 1970’s
retriggered strict emission regulation.
CARB - California Air Reasearch Board This policy led to serious thinking of development of EV
[ 2% of all vehicles sold in california in 1998 should be ZEV and 10% by 2003]
1968 - “Great Electric Car race” was organized between Boston(MIT) and pasadena(Caltech) distance
3,490 miles, recharging stations - 53 From this , many universities started manufacturing EV’s.
US - General motors, Ford, Chrysler, US electric car and solectria etc.,

Introduction to electric vehicle

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru 21
Technology, Module 1
 History of electric vehicles
Phase 2: Historical background

Japan - Toyota, Nissan, Hond, Mazda, Dihatsu, Mitsubishi, Suzuki, isuzu, subara etc.,
Europe - PSA peugeot, Renault, BMW, Mecedez-Benz, Audi, Volvo, Opel, Volkswagen,
Fiat, Bedford etc., ( strict regulations and subsidies given to EV’s)
• General motors built no of experimental EV, such as electrovair in 1966, Electrovan in
1968, Electrovelte in 1979 etc, SCR based SEDC motor with Ni-zn batteries 60miles/hr,
80km.
• Ford EV projects resulted in Fiesta EV, Escorta EV, Aerostar Ecostar etc., in 1970.
• Nissan development work include EV-4, EV-resort, president EV, and cedric-EV in
1970’s/80’s.
• Toyota produced series in EVs named EV-10 to EV-40 in 1980’s
• Fiat experimental EVs were x1/23, Y10 in 1980’s and elettra in 90’s
• BMW produced early convertibles such as E30E, E36E in early 90’s and E1 in mid 90’s.
Introduction to electric vehicle
Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru Technology, Module 1 22
 History of electric vehicles
Phase 3: Historical background
Popular EV’s in 1990/early 2000
• GM EV1 [100kw, IM, VRLA, 0-100km/hr in 9sec, 144km]
• Nissan Altera EV [62kw, PMSM, Co-Li battery, 120km/hr, 192km]
• NIES- Luciole [72kw, in-wheel PMSM, VRLA, 130km/hr, solar]
• HKU-U2001 [45kw, PMSM, Ni-cd, 110km/hr, 176km]
• Reva [13kw, SEDC, VRLA, 65km/hr, 80km, India, Low power urban car]
Popular HEV’s in 1990’s
• Toyota prius [ 52kw ICE, 33kw PMSM, Nimh, 160km/hr]
• Honda insight[50kw, ICE, 10kw PMSM, Nimh, 26-30km/l] high engine capacity low power motor.
Popular FCEV in 1990’s/ early 2000
Ford P2000
Dimler-Benz necar-3

Introduction to electric vehicle

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru Technology, Module 1 23
 Current popular EV’s

• 2007 - Tesla Roadstar

• 2012 - Model-s, Model-x in 2015, Model-3
• Nissan leaf
• Chevy bolt
• BMW i3

Introduction to electric vehicle

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru 24
Technology, Module 1
 Current popular EV’s
PHEV’s variants [ low rating engine and high rating motor]
• Honda Accord Hybrid
• Toyota camry, Prius hybrid.
• Ford fusion hybrid.
• Lexus Rx 450b
• Volvo XC60 T8
• BMW 740exdrive

Introduction to electric vehicle

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru 25
Technology, Module 1
 Types of energy souces for propulsion and emission

• Gasoline
• Diesel
• Compressed natural gas (CNG)
• Hydrogen
• Batteries
• Ultra-capacitor
• Ultra-flywheel

Introduction to electric vehicle

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru 26
Technology, Module 1
 Types of energy souces for propulsion and emission

Petrol and Diesel

• liquid fuels
• Same specific energy
• Diesel is more denser compared to Petrol so it has higher energy density.
CNG
• High specific energy compared to liquid fuels, but it has very low energy density.
• hydrogen requires storage at a very high compressed state.

Introduction to electric vehicle

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru Technology, Module 1 27
 Types of energy souces for propulsion and emission

Batteries
• Li-ion battery has specific energy and energy density very low around 75times
low and 25compared to petrol, which means that for the same energy content,
the mass of lithium ion battery will be 75 times more compared to a petrol and it
require 25 times more volume compare to petrol.
Ultra-capacitor
• high capacity power, storage is limited
Ultra -fly wheel
• Stores energy in mechanical form at very speed but it has drawbacks such as
less reliable.

Introduction to electric vehicle

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru 28
Technology, Module 1
 Types of energy souces for propulsion and emission

The specific energy and the energy density of the Li-ion battery pack are
approximately 76 times and 23 times lower than gasoline, respectively. Thus, battery
packs must be relatively large and heavy in order to store sufficient energy for EVs to
compete with IC engine vehicles.
Introduction to electric vehicle
Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru 29
Technology, Module 1
 Types of energy souces for propulsion and emission

• Carbon Emissions from Fuels

• The IC engine works on the principle that the fuel injected into the cylinder can be
combined with air and ignited by a spark or pressure.
• The resulting expansion of the gases due to the heat of the combustion within the
cylinder results in a movement of the pistons which is converted into a motive
force for the vehicle.

• Petrol combustion:

• Diesel combustion:

• For every liter of gasoline consumed, about 2.39 kg of CO 2 is emitted.

Introduction to electric vehicle

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru 30
Technology, Module 1
 Types of energy souces for propulsion and
emission
• EVs are classified as PEV, HEV, and FEV types
on the basis of their energy sources and the
propulsion devices.
• PEV is purely fed from electricity, while the
propulsion is solely driven by the electric motor.
• HEV is sourced from both electricity and
gasoline/diesel, while the propulsion involves both
the electric motor and engine.
• FEV is directly or indirectly sourced from
hydrogen, while the propulsion is solely driven by
the electric motor.

Introduction to electric vehicle

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru 31
Technology, Module 1
 Types of energy souces for propulsion and
emission
• In order to distinguish the refueling means, the HEV can be further
categorized into
• Conventional HEV: solely refueled with gasoline/diesel in filling
stations
• Gridable HEV: can be recharged by electricity via charging ports
• On the basis of the coordination between the electric motor and engine,
the gridable HEV can be further split into
• Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV)
• Range-extended electric vehicle (REV)
• On the basis of the hybridization level and the operation feature between
the electric motor and engine, the conventional HEV can be further split
into
• micro HEV, mild HEV, full HEV

Introduction to electric vehicle

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru Technology, Module 1 32
 Carbon emissions, Green house gases and Pollutants

Pollutants and Green house gases

1. Perticulate matter (PMx)
2. CO, CO2
3. CH4
4. NOX [N2O, NO and NO2]
5. Volatile organic compound
6. Total Hydrocarbon
7. SOX [SO2]

Introduction to electric vehicle

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru 33
Technology, Module 1
 Carbon emissions, Green house gases and Pollutants

• Particulate matter (PM) is a complex mix of extremely small particles that are a
product of the combustion cycle.
• The particles are too small to be filtered by the human throat and nose and can
adversely affect the heart, lungs, and brain.
• A diesel engine can emit significantly more PM than the gasoline engine.
• The PM emissions can be mitigated by the after-treatment, but at a significant
financial cost.
• These particles are extremely small, In general, particles less than 10 μm in
diameter (PM10) are dangerous to inhale.
• PM2.5 particles, which are less than 2.5 μm in diameter, can result from the
combustion process and are a significant component of air pollution and a major
contributor to cancers.

Introduction to electric vehicle

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru 34
Technology, Module 1
 Carbon emissions, Green house gases and Pollutants

• Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless odorless gas that is a product of the

combustion cycle.
• The gas can cause poisoning and even death in humans.
• Diesel engines produce lower levels of CO than spark-ignition gasoline engines.
• Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a greenhouse gas as it adds to the concentration of
naturally occurring CO2 in the atmosphere and contributes to the greenhouse
effect.
• It is estimated that approximately 37 billion metric tons of CO 2 are released into
the atmosphere every year due to the burning of fossil fuels by human activities.
• Nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) are additional products of the
combustion process which also contribute to the greenhouse effect.
• Methane, as a GHG, is often a product of the fossil fuel industry but can also
result from livestock flatulence and other natural sources.

Introduction to electric vehicle

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru 35
Technology, Module 1
 Carbon emissions, Green house gases and Pollutants

• Nitrogen oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and volatile organic

compounds (VOCs) are emissions from the combustion process which result in
ground-level ozone and other pollutants.
• VOCs helps ozone build up in the atmosphere. The ground-level ozone is inhaled
by humans and other animals.
• The ozone reacts with the lining of the lung to cause respiratory illnesses such as
asthma and lung inflammation.
• Another reaction of VOCs and NOx results in peroxyacyl nitrates, which can
irritate the respiratory system and the eyes. PANs can damage vegetation and
are a factor in skin cancer.

Introduction to electric vehicle

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru 36
Technology, Module 1
 Carbon emissions, Green house gases and Pollutants

• Total hydrocarbons (THCs) are hydrocarbon-based emissions which contain

unburnt hydrocarbons and VOCs.
• VOCs include alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, and more.
• THCs also contribute to greenhouse gases.

• Automotive emissions can impact on public health in many ways, and it is an area
of active research.
• Hence, there is a serious movement toward the adoption of electric, hybrid, and
fuel cell vehicles as the solution set to mitigate local pollution and carbon
emissions.

Introduction to electric vehicle

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru 37
Technology, Module 1
 Basic architecture of battery electric vehicle

• The BEV transforms the chemical energy of the battery into mechanical energy
using an electric drive
• The electric drive features an inverter, electric motor, and controls.
• The inverter converts the dc of the battery to the ac waveforms required to
optimally power the electric motor.

Introduction to electric vehicle

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru 38
Technology, Module 1
 Basic architecture of battery electric vehicle

• BEV is very efficient in onboard energy conversion; however, the battery range
may be limited due to the low battery energy density.
• The vehicle is refueled by charging the battery with power from the electrical grid.
• An efficiency for the generation, transmission, and distribution of the electricity
from the public grid ηgrid of about 40% is a reasonable estimate as many grids are
primarily dependent on fossil fuels but supplemented by nuclear power and
renewables.
• A charging efficiency ηC of 85% is a reasonable estimate of efficiency from the
plug to the battery.
• A battery-to-wheel powertrain efficiency ηB-W of about 80% is a reasonable
number for the BEV.

Introduction to electric vehicle

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru 39
Technology, Module 1
 Basic architecture of fuel-cell vehicle
• Fuel-cell vehicle features a battery which is used to absorb the transient power
demands and regenerative power.
• Power cannot be regenerated into the fuel cell, and so the battery system is
required for regeneration.
• A unidirectional boost dc-dc converter interfaces the fuel cell to the high-voltage
dc link powering the electric drive.

Introduction to electric vehicle

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru 40
Technology, Module 1
 Basic architecture of fuel-cell vehicle
• The efficiency of the boost converter is very high, 98% being assumed.
• Representational numbers for the production of CNG, and the production,
transmission, and supply of hydrogen to the vehicle is about 60%, based on the
steam reforming of CNG.
• A fuel cell system efficiency of about 58% is reasonable for a fuel cell operated in
optimum power mode, and buffered by the battery for transients.
• The efficiency of the powertrain to the wheel is about 78%, a little lower than the
value used in the other vehicles due to the boost converter.
• Thus, the overall well-to-wheel efficiency ηW-W is the product of three efficiencies:
• ηW−W = ηW−T × ηfc × ηpt−W
• The overall well-to-wheel efficiency for the FCEV is about 27%.

Introduction to electric vehicle

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru 41
Technology, Module 1
 Introduction to Electric and Hybrid vehicles

Energy Consumption of Electric Vehicles

Introduction to electric vehicle

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru 42
Technology, Module 1
 Performance of Electric Vehicles ( from Fuel tank to Wheel)

Introduction to electric vehicle

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru 43
Technology, Module 1
 Concept and Architecture of Hybrid electric vehicle

HEVs improve the fuel economy of the conventional fossil-fuel-powered vehicles by

addressing a number of critical factors which impact fuel economy:
• Vehicle idling is eliminated as significant fuel can be consumed by the engine as it idles.
• Regenerative braking energy is recovered and stored in the battery. In a conventional vehicle, the braking
energy is dissipated as heat by the braking system and lost to the vehicle.
• The stop-start, low-speed, low-torque nature of city driving is inefficient for the conventional vehicle, whereas the
hybrid vehicle decouples the driving condition from efficient operation of the engine by storing and using battery
energy when it is efficient to do so.
• The engine size can be smaller in a hybrid vehicle compared to the conventional vehicle, and can run more
efficiently.
• Significant low-speed torque can be available in HEVs and BEVs due to the electric traction motor.

The hybrid vehicle has an additional advantage over the BEV:

• The battery lifetime can be extended and the battery cost reduced as shallower battery discharges can be
implemented in a hybrid system compared to a battery electric car.

Introduction to electric vehicle

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru 44
Technology, Module 1
 Series Hybrid electric vehicle
• The series HEV combines the best attributes of the IC engine and the BEV. It combines
the powertrain efficiency of the BEV with the high-energy-density fuel of the IC engine,
• The well-designed series HEV runs the IC engine in a high-efficiency mode, and the
engine output is converted via two electric drives in series in order to supply
mechanical energy to the drivetrain. However, placing two electric drives in series
means that the energy processing can be more inefficient than desired.

Introduction to electric vehicle

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru 45
Technology, Module 1
 Series Hybrid electric vehicle
• The engine can be operated with efficiencies in the range of 30% to 40%,while the
efficiencies for the electrical generating and motoring stages are estimated at 80% to
90% each.
• As with the BEV, a battery-to-wheel powertrain efficiency η B-W of about 80% is a
reasonable assumption. The battery is charged using the IC engine as a generator.
• A charging efficiency ηC of 90% is a reasonable estimate of efficiency from the engine to
the battery. The engine efficiency ηeng is high as it is run in a high-efficiency mode. Thus,
the overall well-to-wheel efficiency ηW-W is the product of four efficiencies.
ηW −W = ηW −T × ηeng × ηgen × ηB−W
• The overall well-to-wheel efficiency for the series HEV is about 21%.

Introduction to electric vehicle

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru 46
Technology, Module 1
 Parallel Hybrid electric vehicle
• The parallel HEV architecture has been implemented using a dual-clutch transmission
• (DCT) on vehicles such as the Honda Fit and the Hyundai Ioniq. The vehicle runs the
engine when it is efficient to do so. The engine or the electric motor can be directly
coupled to the drive axle, and the engine can be coupled to the drive motor to recharge
the battery.

Introduction to electric vehicle

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru 47
Technology, Module 1
 Parallel Hybrid electric vehicle
• If the vehicle is operating with the engine only, then the motoring efficiency can
be high if the engine is operated at peak efficiency.
• The overall efficiency can drop as the energy is run through the electric system
due to the inefficiencies in each direction as the battery is charged and
discharged, similar to the series hybrid. The efficiency of the powertrain to wheel
ηpt−W is assumed to be about 80%.
• Thus, the overall well-to-wheel efficiency ηW−W is the product of three
efficiencies
ηW −W = ηW −T × ηeng × ηpt −W

• The overall well-to-wheel efficiency for the parallel HEV is about 24%:

Introduction to electric vehicle

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru 48
Technology, Module 1
 Series Parallel Hybrid electric vehicle

• The series-parallel HEV typically uses a sun-and-planetary gearing, known as a CVT, to

split the engine power such that the vehicle can be optimally controlled to direct the
engine output to either the drivetrain for direct propulsion of the vehicle or to the battery
for the electric drive.
• This reduces the inefficiency introduced in the series HEV by having the two electrical
stages in series. The series-parallel HEV also has two stages in series but only needs to
do so when it is inefficient to drive directly from the IC engine, similar to the parallel hybrid
just discussed. Variants on this architecture are used on the Toyota, Ford, and General
Motors hybrids.
• The representative well-to-wheel efficiency is the same as in the parallel HEV just
discussed, and is about 24%.

Introduction to electric vehicle

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru 49
Technology, Module 1
 Economic aspects of EV
• Global population, with current trend may increase from 6B to 10B by 2050.
• Vehicles may increase from 700M in 2000 2.5B by 2050.
• If all the vehicles are ICEV’s, then all the cities may be covered with permanent smog
with extreme air pollution.
• ARB (Air Research Board) report 2011, around 9000people die/year due to fine
paerticulate matters in california.
Sustainable transport
• Low or zero emission vehicles
• Promotion of public transport
• Promotion of Renewable energy sources (less dependance on fossil fuels)

Introduction to electric vehicle

Department of EEE, NIE Mysuru 50
Technology, Module 1