HAZARD AND RISK CONTROL

HIERACHY OF CONTROLS
• This is a step by step approach to eliminate or
reducing workplace hazards.
• It rank controls from the most effective level of
protection.
• When choosing a control method, start from the top
of the inverted pyramid.
• Asses the feasibility of the first layer of
control(elimination) before moving to the second
layer of controls(substitution) continue the process
until you reach the bottom of the pyramid.
 HIERACHY PYRAMID
ELIMINATION

SUBSTITUTION

ENGINEERING CONTROL

ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)

 ELIMINATION
• This is the process of physically removing the
hazard from the work place.
• It is the most effective way to control a risk
because the hazard is no longer present.
• It is preferred way to control a hazard and
should be used whenever possible.
 CONT…..
Examples of elimination control method;
• Purchasing equipment that is not noisy.
• Using a reach pole where feasible, for window
washing to eliminate working from height.
• Removing and properly disposing of products
that are stored in the work place and are no
longer being used.
 SUBSTITUTION
• If eliminating a hazard is not possible,
substitution is the next control method that
should be considered.
• Substitution is the act of replacing something
with another thing, in this case a hazard is
replaced with less hazardous one.
• The hazard and risks associated with
alternative must be well assessed to
determine if it is an appropriate replacement.
 CONT…..
• Care must be taken to make sure that new
hazard is usually lower, and another just as
harmful of more harmful.
• E.g. replacing solvent- based paints with water
based alternative.
• Using electric motors rather than diesel one to
eliminate diesel exhaust emission.
• Substitution is often used when workers are
exposed to hazardous products.
 CONT…..
MOST HAZARDOUS LEAST HAZARDOUS

Fumes Ingot

Powder Pellet fuel

Flake
 ENGINEERING METHOD
• Engineering method – this the process of isolating
people from the hazard.
• They are methods that will remove the hazard at
the source, before it comes in contact with the
worker, engineering controls can be built into
design of a plant, equipment or process to
minimize the hazard.
• Engineering controls are a very reliable way to
control worker exposure as long as controls are
designed, used and maintained properly e.g.
 CONT…..
• Isolation – separating workers from the hazard
by distance or the use of barriers.
• Enclosures- placing the material or process in
closed system( e.g. enclosed machines
excavator).
• Guarding and shielding- using guards around
moving parts of machinery.
• Ventilation- using local exhaust or general
airborne products.
 ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL
• Administrative control means changing the
way people involved, developing procedures
to ensure the work is conducted in a way that
minimizes the hazard.
• E.g. developing or changing policies,
implementing or improving training and
education, enhancing work practices and
procedures.
METHODS OF ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL

• Using job- rotation schedules or work rest

schedule that limit the amount of time an
individual worker is exposed to a substance.
• Implementing the preventive maintenance
program to keep equipment in proper working
order.
• Restricting access to work area.
• Using signs to warn worker of a hazard.
 WORK PRACTICES
• Developing and implementing safe work
procedures or standard operating procedures.
• Establishing and maintaining good house
keeping.
• Keeping equipment well maintained.
• Emergency preparations.
• Personal hygiene practices and facilities;
 CONT….
Personal hygiene practices and facilities;
• Washing hands after handling materials and
before eating.
• Avoid touching face with contaminated hands.
• Not storing hazardous products in the same
refrigerator as food items.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)

• Personal protective equipment refers to

anything workers wear to help protect them
from work hazard.
• The use of PPE as the main method control
exposures should be limited to situations where
elimination, substitution, engineering control
and administrative control are not practicable.
• Additional protection is required because other
methods are not sufficient to reduce the hazard.
 CONT….
• PPE limits exposure to the harmful effects of a
hazard but only if the PPE is worn and used
correctly.
Examples;
• Respiratory protection ( mask).
• Skin protection (coveralls, aprons, full body
suits).
• Gloves
• Eye protection (face shield, goggles).
 HAZARDS
• A Hazard is any source of potential damage,
harm or adverse health effects on something
or someone.
• Basically , a hazard is the potential for harm or
an adverse effect (e.g. to people as health
effects, to organization as property or
equipment losses, or to the environment).
 TYPES OF WORK HAZARDS
• Workplace hazards fall into six core types;
1. Safety hazards
2. Biological hazards
3. Physical and Emotional hazards
4. Chemical hazards
5. Environmental hazards
6. Construction hazards
7. Ergonomical hazards
 SAFETY HAZARD
• Safety hazards are the most common type of
hazard in the workplace, they refer to unsafe
conditions leading to illness, injury and death.
• Some hazards put workers at risk of accidents
and injury and can also lead to other hazards,
for instance, workers can face increases
chemical exposure if their protective
equipment is damaged.
 CONT…..
• There is also the potential for explosion when
mixing chemicals.
• Be aware of potential safety hazards, and
instruct your workers to immediately tell
supervisors of any new hazards that arise.
 CONT…..
• Common safety hazards;
1. Tripping and slipping hazards, including spilled liquid, cords
running across the floor and blocked aisles.
2. Working from any raised work area, including roofs, scaffolding
and ladders.
3. Moving machinery parts and unguarded machinery that a
worker can accidentally touch.
4. Electrical hazards, including improper wiring, missing ground
pins.
5. Confined spaces.
6. Hazards related to machinery, including boiler safety and
improper use of forklifts.
 BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
• Research facilities and hospitals, among other
industries, produce wastes that may contain
disease causing organisms, known as
biological hazards.
• These pose a risk of infection for site
personnel and they could disperse into the
environment via wind and water, leading to
rapid spreading and more contamination.
 CONT…..
• There are many biological hazards present at hazardous
waste sites.
• These include animals, insects and poisonous plants,
bacteria and viruses, blood and body fluids.
• All personnel must wear respiratory equipment and
protective clothing to have a chance of avoiding
exposure.
• Workers should wash any exposed or potentially
compromised equipment and body parts to help resist
infection and spreading, this is referred to as
decontamination.
PHYSICAL AND EMOTIONAL HAZARDS
• PHYSICAL
• Workers face physical factors in the environment
that can cause harm to the body, even physically
contacting the hazard.
• Physical hazards include;
1. Radiation
2. High exposure to sunlight and ultraviolet rays.
3. Cold and hot temperature
4. Incessant loud noise levels.
 CONT…..
• EMOTIONAL
• Emotional hazards can cause harm like
burnout or stress, leading to distracted
workers and potential mistakes.
• To combat that causes, managers and
supervisors can implement a positive
workplace culture that values safety and
working practices.
 CHEMICAL HAZARD
• Workers experience chemical hazards when they
face exposure to a chemical preparation in the
workplace.
• This chemical may take the form of a gas, liquid or
solid.
• This concern is especially true when u consider that
different people have different sensitive to
chemicals.
• This means certain chemicals cause breathing
issues, skin irritation and illness.
 CONT….
• Chemical hazards include;
• Liquids like solvents, acids, paints and cleaning
products especially if they are in unlabeled containers.
• Vapors and fumes that come from exposure to solvents
or welding.
• Gases including helium, carbon monoxide, ammonia,
hydrogen sulfide.
• Flammable materials including explosive chemicals,
solvents and gasoline.
• pesticides
 ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD
• Are extreme events or substances in the earth
and it’s ecological system.
• Substances that create an environmental
hazard may be chemical, biological or physical
agents.
 CONSTRUCTION HAZARD
• A construction site is an area of land where roads,
buildings or some form of infrastructure are being
built or renovated.
• Working on a construction site means working
alongside large operational plant machinery and
tools, working at height and in environments
where hazardous materials may be present.
• The dangerous construction are heavily dependent
on the type of construction work being used.
 CONT…..
• Common construction hazard include;
• Heavy plants and machinery
• Tools and equipment
• Live electricity
• Working at heights
• Lifting operations
• Demolition
• Exposure to chemicals
• Loud noise
• Slips, trips and falls
• Confined spaces
• Sharp or moving objects
 ERGONOMICAL HAZARD
• Ergonomically risk factors are workplace situations
that cause wear and tear on the body and can cause
injury.
• Occur when the type of work, body positions and
working conditions put strain on our body.
• Some common body regions where injuries occur
are;
• Muscles, tendons, or nerves
• Bones and muscles surrounding the knees and legs.
 CONT…..
• Common ergonomical hazards;
• Improperly adjusted workstations and chairs
• Frequent lifting
• Poor posture
• Repeating the same movements.
• Using too much force.
• vibration
 COMMON WORKPLACE SAFETY HAZARDS

1. Chemicals
2. Confined spaces
3. Electrics
4. Forklift
5. Lockout or tag
6. Poor housekeeping
7. Working at height
IMPORTANCE OF REPORTING HAZARDS IN A
WORKPLACE
• Help organizations identify potential causes of
incidents and mitigate them before an
incident can occur.
• To reduce the risk of future harm.
• To remove hazards.
• To protect employee welfare.
• To prevent reoccurrences.
HEALTH AND SAFETY COMPLIANCE
• Compliance in health and safety extends
beyond meeting legal duties.
• It also incorporates the underlying aims and
objectives of regulations and may include any
necessary licenses, permits.
• Health and safety compliance means living up
to the regulations and legislation put in with
regards to health and safety.
 HEALTH AND SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
• Health and safety requirements include;
• Prepare a health and safety policy.
• Reporting injuries and accidents.
• Use of personal protective equipment
• Lifting and handling procedures.
• Provide information and training
• First aid
• Manage risks and risk assessment at work
• Display health and safety law poster
• Consult workers
IMPORTANCE OF COMPLYING WITH HEALTH
AND SAFETY REQUIRMENTS
• To ensure the safety of self and others.
• Avoid damage to equipment.
• Ensure compliance with health and safety
regulations.
• To reduce potential hazard and risk.
 THE END
GOD BLESS