Introduction

Even though the size, shape, performance, reliability, and cost of computers
have been changing over the years the basic logical structure, as proposed
By von Neumann, has not changed. No matter what shape and size of computer
We are talking about, all computer systems perform the following five basic
Operations for converting raw input data into useful information and
presenting it to a user:

1. Inputting- process of entering data and instructions into a computer system.

2. Storing- saving data and instructions to make them readily available for initial or
additional processing as and when required.
3. Processing- performing arithmetic operations (add, subtract, multiply, divide,
etc.), or logical operations (comparisons like equal to, less than, greater than,
etc.) on data to convert them into useful information.
4. Outputting- process of producing useful information or results for a user, such as
printed report or visual display.
5. Controlling- directing the manner and sequence in which the above operations
are performed.
 Basic organization of a computer system

Storage Unit

Secondary
storage
Program Input Output Information
And data Unit Primary Unit (Results)
storage

C0ntrol
Unit
Indicates flow of
Instruction and data
Arithmetic
Indicates the control logic unit
exercised by the
Control unit
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 OBJECTIVES

by the end of the presentation you will be able to:

•understand basic organization of computer system.

•understand the meaning of Arithmetic Logical Unit, Control
Unit and Central Processing Unit.
•differentiate between bit , byte and a word.
•define computer memory.
•differentiate between primary memory and secondary
memory.
•differentiate between primary storage and secondary storage
units.
•differentiate between input unit and output unit.
FUNCTIONAL UNITS

In order to carry out the operations the computer

allocates the task between its various functional units.
The computer system is divided into three separate
units for its operation. They are

1) arithmetic logical unit,

2) control unit, and
3) central processing unit.
Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU)

After you enter data through the input device it is stored in

the primary storage unit. The actual processing of the data
and instruction are performed by Arithmetic Logical Unit.
The major operations performed by the ALU are addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, logic and comparison.
Data is transferred to ALU from storage unit when required.
After processing the output is returned back to storage unit
for further processing or getting stored.
Control Unit (CU)

The next component of computer is the Control Unit,

which acts like the supervisor seeing that things are
done in proper fashion. The control unit determines
the sequence in which computer programs and
instructions are executed. Things like processing of
programs stored in the main memory, interpretation of
the instructions and issuing of signals for other units
of the computer to execute them. It also acts as a
switch board operator when several users access the
computer simultaneously. Thereby it coordinates the
activities of computer’s peripheral equipment as they
perform the input and output. Therefore it is the
Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The ALU and the CU of a

computer system are jointly
known as the central
processing unit. You may call
CPU as the brain of any
computer system. It is just
like brain that takes all major
decisions, makes all sorts of
calculations and directs
different parts of the
computer functions by
activating and controlling the
operations.
 INPUT UNIT
 Input devices are necessary to convert our
information or data in to a form which can be
understood by the computer. A good input device
should provide timely, accurate and useful data to
the main memory of the computer for processing.

 A computer memory is designed to accept input

in BINARY CODE and here all input devices must
transform input signal to binary codes unit called
input interfaces accomplish this transformation.
In short an INPUT UNIT performs the following functions :

[Link] accepts instructions and data from outside world.

[Link] converts these instructions and data in computer acceptable

form.

[Link] supplies the converted instructions and data to computer

system for further processing.
 Standard Input Devices

Keyboard:

This is the standard input

device attached to all
computers. The layout of
keyboard is just like the
traditional typewriter of the
type QWERTY. It also contains
some extra command keys and
function keys. It contains a
total of 101 to 104 keys
 Mouse
Mouse is an input
device that is used
with your personal
computer.

It is of 2 types :-

[Link] Mouse

[Link] Mouse
 Audio Input Devices

Microphone
It records speech.
 Video
Input
PC Video Digital Cameras
Camera
 Alternative Input Devices
Scanner

Touch screen

Bar Code
Reader
 Game Controller
 Output Unit

Computer when getting input then after

processing , gives output through
other devices called OUTPUT
DEVICES.
An output unit forms following
functions ,
1. It accept the results produced by a
computer. Which are in coded form.
2. It convert these coded results to
human acceptable (readable) form.
3. It supplies the converted results to
outside world.
Visual Display Unit: The most popular
input/output device is the Visual Display Unit (VDU).
It is also called the monitor. A Keyboard is used to
input data and Monitor is used to display the input
data and to receive massages from the computer. A
monitor has its own box which is separated from the
main computer system and is connected to the
computer by cable. In some systems it is compact
with the system unit. It can be color or monochrome.
Terminals: It is a very popular interactive input-
output unit. It can be divided into two types: hard
copy terminals and soft copy terminals. A hard copy
terminal provides a printout on paper whereas soft
copy terminals provide visual copy on monitor. A
terminal when connected to a CPU sends instructions
directly to the computer. Terminals are also classified
as dumb terminals or intelligent terminals depending
upon the work situation.
Printer: It is an important output
device which can be used to get a
printed copy of the processed text or
result on paper. There are different
types of printers that are designed for
different types of applications.
Depending on their speed and approach
of printing, printers are classified as
impact and non-impact printers. Impact
printers use the familiar typewriter
approach of hammering a typeface
against the paper and inked ribbon.
Dot-matrix printers are of this type.
Non-impact printers do not hit or
impact a ribbon to print. They use
electro-static chemicals and ink-jet
technologies. Laser printers and Ink-jet
printers are of this type. This type of
printers can produce color printing and
elaborate graphics.
Digital Light Projector
A digital light projector projects the video
output on to an external surface.

Sound Systems
Speakers and their associated technology
are key output systems.
 MEMORY STORAGE

Capacity of Primary Memory:-

You know that each cell of memory contains one
character or 1 byte of data. So the capacity is
defined in terms of byte or words. Thus 64
kilobyte (KB) memory is capable of storing 64 ´
1024 = 32,768 bytes. (1 kilobyte is 1024 bytes). A
memory size ranges from few kilobytes in small
systems to several thousand kilobytes in large
mainframe and super computer. In your personal
computer you will find memory capacity in the
range of 64 KB, 4 MB, 8 MB and even 16 MB (MB
= Million bytes).
The following terms related to memory of a
computer are discussed below:
[Link] Access Memory (RAM): The primary
storage is referred to as random access memory (RAM)
because it is possible to randomly select and use any
location of the memory directly store and retrieve data. It
takes same time to any address of the memory as the first
address. It is also called read/write memory. The storage of
data and instructions inside the primary storage is
temporary. It disappears from RAM as soon as the power to
the computer is switched off. The memories, which loose
their content on failure of power supply, are known as
volatile memories .So now we can say that RAM is volatile
memory.
2. Read Only Memory (ROM): There is
another memory in computer, which is called Read
Only Memory (ROM). Again it is the ICs inside the PC
that form the ROM. The storage of program and data in
the ROM is permanent. The ROM stores some standard
processing programs supplied by the manufacturers to
operate the personal computer. The ROM can only be
read by the CPU but it cannot be changed. The basic
input/output program is stored in the ROM that
examines and initializes various equipment attached to
the PC when the switch is made ON. The memories,
which do not loose their content on failure of power
supply, are known as non-volatile memories. ROM is
non-volatile memory
3. PROM (programmable Read Only Memory)
There is another type of primary memory in computer,
which is called Programmable Read Only Memory
(PROM). You know that it is not possible to modify or
erase programs stored in ROM, but it is possible for you
to store your program in PROM chip. Once the
programme are written it cannot be changed and remain
intact even if power is switched off. Therefore programs
or instructions written in PROM or ROM cannot be erased
or changed.
4. EPROM: This stands for Erasable
Programmable Read Only Memory, which over
come the problem of PROM & ROM. EPROM chip
can be programmed time and again by erasing
the information stored earlier in it. Information
stored in EPROM exposing the chip for some
time ultraviolet light and it erases chip is
reprogrammed using a special programming
facility. When the EPROM is in use information
can only be read.
5. Cache Memory: The speed of CPU is
extremely high compared to the access
time of main memory. Therefore the
performance of CPU decreases due to the
slow speed of main memory. To decrease
the mismatch in operating speed, a small
memory chip is attached between CPU and
Main memory whose access time is very
close to the processing speed of CPU. It is
called CACHE memory. CACHE memories are
accessed much faster than conventional
RAM. It is used to store programs or data
currently being executed or temporary data
frequently used by the CPU. So each
memory makes main memory to be faster
and larger than it really is. It is also very
expensive to have bigger size of cache
memory and its size is normally kept small.
6. Registers: The CPU processes data and
instructions with high speed, there is also
movement of data between various units of
computer. It is necessary to transfer the
processed data with high speed. So the
computer uses a number of special memory
units called registers. They are not part of
the main memory but they store data or
information temporarily and pass it on as
directed by the control unit.
SECONDARY STORAGE
You are now clear that the operating speed of
primary memory or main memory should be as fast
as possible to cope up with the CPU speed. These
high-speed storage devices are very expensive and
hence the cost per bit of storage is also very high.
Again the storage capacity of the main memory is
also very limited. Often it is necessary to store
hundreds of millions of bytes of data for the CPU to
process. Therefore additional memory is required in
all the computer systems. This memory is called
auxiliary memory or secondary storage.
In this type of memory the cost per bit of storage is
low. However, the operating speed is slower than
that of the primary storage. Huge volume of data are
stored here on permanent basis and transferred to
the primary storage as and when required. Most
widely used secondary storage devices are magnetic
tapes and magnetic disk.
Magnetic Tape: Magnetic tapes are used for large
computers like mainframe computers where large volume
of data is stored for a longer time. In PC also you can use
tapes in the form of cassettes. The cost of storing data in
tapes is inexpensive. Tapes consist of magnetic materials
that store data permanently. It can be 12.5 mm to 25 mm
wide plastic film-type and 500 meter to 1200 meter long
which is coated with magnetic material. The deck is
connected to the central processor and information is fed
into or read from the tape through the processor. It similar
to cassette tape recorder.
Advantages of Magnetic Tape:
•Compact: A 10-inch diameter reel of tape is 2400 feet
long and is able to hold 800, 1600 or 6250 characters in
each inch of its length. The maximum capacity of such
tape is 180 million characters. Thus data are stored
much more compactly on tape.
•Economical: The cost of storing characters is very less
as compared to other storage devices.
•Fast: Copying of data is easier and fast.
•Long term Storage and Re-usability: Magnetic tapes
can be used for long term storage and a tape can be
used repeatedly with out loss of data.
Magnetic Disk: You might have seen the
gramophone record, which is circular like a disk and
coated with magnetic material. Magnetic disks used in
computer are made on the same principle. It rotates
with very high speed inside the computer drive. Data is
stored on both the surface of the disk. Magnetic disks
are most popular for direct access storage device. Each
disk consists of a number of invisible concentric circles
called tracks. Information is recorded on tracks of a
disk surface in the form of tiny magnetic spots. The
presence of a magnetic spot represents one bit and its
absence represents zero bit. The information stored in
a disk can be read many times without affecting the
stored data. So the reading operation is non-
destructive. But if you want to write a new data, then
the existing data is erased from the disk and new data
is recorded.
Floppy Disk: It is similar to
magnetic disk discussed above.
They are 5.25 inch or 3.5 inch in
diameter. They come in single or
double density and recorded on
one or both surface of the
diskette. The capacity of a 5.25-
inch floppy is 1.2 mega bytes
whereas for 3.5 inch floppy it is
1.44 mega bytes. It is cheaper
than any other storage devices
and is portable. The floppy is a low
cost device particularly suitable
for personal computer system.
Optical Disk:
With every new application and software there is
greater demand for memory capacity. It is the necessity
to store large volume of data that has led to the
development of optical disk storage medium. Optical
disks can be divided into the following categories:
[Link] Disk/ Read Only Memory (CD-ROM): CD-
ROM disks are made of reflective metals. CD-ROM is
written during the process of manufacturing by high
power laser beam. Here the storage density is very
high, storage cost is very low and access time is
relatively fast. Each disk is approximately 4 1/2
inches in diameter and can hold over 600 MB of
data. As the CD-ROM can be read only we cannot
write or make changes into the data contained in it.
Write Once, Read Many (WORM): The inconvenience that we
can not write any thing in to a CD-ROM is avoided in WORM. A
WORM allows the user to write data permanently on to the disk.
Once the data is written it can never be erased without
physically damaging the disk. Here data can be recorded from
keyboard, video scanner, OCR equipment and other devices. The
advantage of WORM is that it can store vast amount of data
amounting to gigabytes (109 bytes). Any document in a WORM
can be accessed very fast, say less than 30 seconds.

Erasable Optical Disk: These are optical disks where data can be
written, erased and re-written. This also applies a laser beam to
write and re-write the data. These disks may be used as
alternatives to traditional disks. Erasable optical disks are based
on a technology known as magnetic optical (MO). To write a data
bit on to the erasable optical disk the MO drive's laser beam
heats a tiny, precisely defined point on the disk's surface and
magnetises it.
PRESENTED BY:-
JINISH BAROLE
BALI PAWAR
ARPIT ABBHANI
SOHEL KHAN
NIPUN SINGH
DISHANT KHORE
PRABDEEP
RAHUL CHOUBEY