Your text here

Computer is an electronic device device derived from the Latin word "compute. hich means

Introduction
to calc. It accepts raw facts and figures as an input which are isolated and uninterpreted
through input device, process it according to the requirement of the user or command
supplied by the user, store it before and after processing of require and produce a
meaComputer is an electronic device device derived from the Latin word
"computere" which means to calculate. It accepts raw facts and figures
as an input which are isolated and uninterpreted through input device,
process it according to the requirement of the user or command
supplied by the user, store it before and after processing of require and
produce a meaningful information as an output through an output
device. Generally, computer works on IPO (Input-Process-Output) cycle.
It follows GIGO (Garbage In Garbage Out) algorithm which means the
output is always based on the input supplied by the user. The basic
operation of computer is illustrated by following block [Link]
information as an output through an output device. Generally, computer works on IPO (
 Computer system
Computer.
Computer is defined as an electronic
data processing machine which receve
and store a large volume of
information in the form of symbol and
digit and processing them at high
speed as per the information given
 Cahracteristics of modern computer
It take only few second of calculation
Speed:
that we take an hour to complete.

Automatic: We give correct data and

Instruction ,a computer can
do the operation
automatically.
storage:
It is the area or unit which is capable of storing data and information for present
and future use. Storing data allows users to retrieve it whenever required. These
days computer comes with high volume of memory which are measured in
Megabyte (1024 KB) , Gigabyte (1024 MB), Terabyte(1024 GB) and Petabyte(1024
TB).
Versatility:
Computer are generally design to serve more than one type of work. The
implementation of computer are not only limited to specific purpose, they solve
general requirement of the user and can be used in more than 1 type of job.
 Applications of computer
Education:
[Link] and
[Link]: Scientific and engineerinNowadayscomputer used in teaching and learning process.
Many interesting graphics can be made and provided for easy learning. Also,
comde features of internet which y and fung design requires complex and massive computations.
Design of bridges, towers, buildings,.
[Link]

Communication:
[Link]
I Computer
is massively used in communication. Communication is done by
me-mail, chat, online conferencing. e-fax etc with help of internet in computer. It
has made the communication faster, easier and cheaper.
[Link]: In business sector, computer are used to generate invoice, maintain stock and make statistical analysis. E-
commerce is the new and emerging way of buying and selling goods and service through used of electronic means and media.

Business:
In business sector, computer are used to generate invoice, maintain stock
and make statistical analysis. E-commerce is the new and emerging way
of buying and selling goods and service through used of electronic means
and media
.
Advantages of computer
[Link] are used to fulfill the general requirement of user.
2.
e t1. Computer is capable of handling larger volume of data and can
store huge amount of data.
o solve complex and critical situat 2222222222222222222222222222.
2222221 2. Computer can perform millions of instruction within a limited time
frame with same speed and accuracy..

[Link] are used to fulfill the general requirement of user

[Link] provides faster and cheaper way for communication.

[Link] are used to solve complex and critical situation in which

involvement of humans are almost impossible.
 [Link] is a dull machine, it cannot make their decision on their own.

Diadvantages of computer
[Link] is a dull machine, it cannot make their decision on their own.

[Link] requires electricity or battery in order to operate

[Link] can affect human eye, when used for long period of time

4. It requires several peripheral devices and software to run

[Link] cannot think, learn or react as human.

•They used vacuum tubes as their basic electronic components used to control and amplify electronic signals.

keep device cool. Generation of Computer

•They were big in size, consume more electricity and generate large amount of heat thus required air conditioning system to

•They were unreliable and were prone to frequent hardware failure.

•They were normally not used for commercial purpose.

First Generation of computer(1942-1955)

•Machine level language was used to program these computers.

[Link] used vacuum tubes as their basic tronic components used to

control and amplify electronic signals.
[Link] were big in size, consume more electricity and generate large
amount of heat thus required air conditioning system to keep device
cool.
[Link] were unreliable and were prone to frequent hardware failure.
[Link] were normally not used for commercial purpose.
[Link] level language was used to program these computers.
Eg: ENIVAC , ENIVAC , UNIVAC etc
 •They used transistors as their basic electronic components.

Second Generation of computer(1956-1963)

•They were small in size as compared to first generationhus consume less electricity and generate less heat. because
production was difficult and costly.
•Assembly language were used to program these computers.
[Link] used transistors as their basic electronic componentsM 7000, IBM 1401, IBM 1620,
[Link] were small in size as compared to first generation thus consume less
electricity and generate less heat.
[Link] were less prone to hardware failure thus more reliable.
[Link] were not also for commercial purpose because production was difficult
costly.
[Link] language were used to program these computers.

eg: IBM 7000, IBM 1401, IBM 1620, NCR 304, MARK III, ATLAS

NCR 304, MAR[Note:

First computer brought in Nepal was IBM 1401 for population
census of 2028 BS]K III, ATLAS
[Note: First computer brought in Nepal was IBM 1401 for population census of 2028 BS]
•They used Integrated Circuits (IC) as their basic electronic components.
Third Generation Of Computer(1964-1971)
•They were smaller in size, consume less electricity and generate less amount
of heat.
•They were faster and more reliable compared to first and second generations.
[Link] used Integrated Circuits (IC) as their basic electronic components.
[Link] were smaller in size, consume less electricity and generate less amount of
heat.
[Link] were faster and more reliable compared to first and second generations.
[Link] were widely used for the commercial application all over the world.
[Link] level language were used to program these computers.
•or the commercial application all over the world.
•High level language were used to program these computers.
eg: PDP-8, PDP-11, ICL 2900 series, IBM 360, IBM 370
Fourth Generation of Computer(1972-present )
•They use VLSI ( Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits ) as their main electronic components.
•There size were drastically reduced and hence were they were much more portable.
[Link] use VLSI ( Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits ) as their main
electronic components.
[Link] size were drastically reduced and hence were they were much
more portable.
[Link] were faster in processing and were much more reliable.
[Link] have larger memory up to GB and TB.
[Link] use different advance high level language to program this
computer.
•e faster in processing and were much more reliable.
•They have larger memory up to GB and TB.
•They use different advance high level language to program this computer.
eg: Apple Macintosh, IBM PC
•They use ULSIC (Ultra Large Scale Integrated Circuit) or Microprocessor as their major electronic components.
Fifth generation of computer(present-Beyond
•They have or will have artificial intelligence.
•They have tremendously high processing unit due to parallel processing.
•They are capable of image processing, speech or voice recognition.

[Link] use ULSIC (Ultra Large Scale Integrated Circuit) or

Microprocessor as their major electronic components.
[Link] have or will have artificial intelligence.
[Link] have tremendously high processing unit due to parallel
processing.
[Link] are capable of image processing, speech or voice recognition.
[Link] use different high level language to program this computer.
Computer memory

Computer memory is the kind of physical

device in a computer system tha store data
instruction.
There are two type computer memory
Primary memory

It is also referred to the main memory.

It is volatile and primary
Hold thos data and instruction on which
The computer is currently working that
Doesnot store the data pernently.
s not used to store data permanently.
2. It is usually volatile except RO
. 3. It is usually expensive and faster than Secondaryge.
4. It is normally used for smaller storage.
5. It is

2. It isvolatile except ROM.

3. It is usually expensive and faster than Secondary storage.
4. It is normally used for smaller storage.
5. It is
usually
 Secondary memory
Memory which stores data and information
permanently for future reference is known as
secondary memory. It is a permanent memory where
data and instruction remains forever. It is also known
as non-volatile memory in which data and
instruction remains even if there is no electric
supply. This type of memory is also known as
auxiliary memory. It has a huge storage capacity up
to Gigabytes, Terabytes or even m
•: Magnetic tape,
Floppy disk.
Hard disk: .
•Floppy disk: .
Classification of computer
• Super Computer: This computer are one of the fastest and powerful
digital computer which can perform only a particular types of jobs
such as weather forecasting, rocket launching, population counting
etc. They were tremendously huge in size and are very expensive. Due
to this reason they are not commercially successful. They are used by
large corporations and government agencies. They were large in size
hence, it occupy much more space and require temperature
controlled room.
Mainframe computer
• This computer are also largest, fastest and perhaps one of the most
expensive computer. Super computer are much more powerful and
expensive but they are similar in size with mainframe computers.
These computers have high processing unit and large storage capacity.
This computer have multiple terminal. This computer can do big
capacity of processing tasks such as population census, agro census,
SLC result processing, governmental offices, industries etc. The first
computer bought in Nepal in 2028 BS was IBM 1401, which was also a
mainframe computer. This computer was bought in Nepal for
population counting. Moreover, second computer bought in Nepal .
 Mini Computers computer are smaller than mainframe computer and are more
powerful and expee compare with micro-computer. They use terminal and are

Mini computer
connected with more than 50 terminal at a time. Hence, it can handle much more
amount of input and output than micro computer. The capability of mini computer is
somewhere in betweenThis
computer are smaller than
mainframe computer and are more powerful and
expensive compare with micro-computer. They use
terminal and are connected with more than 50 terminal
at a time. Hence, it can handle much more amount of
input and output than micro computer. The capability of
mini computer is somewhere in between mainframe and
micro computer. So, they are often called mid-range
computer. This computer are used for medium size
business, industries, universities, banks due to easy
operation than mainframe computer. Eg, Data general,
 Micro computer
• : These are the smallest computer develop till date they use micro-
processor as their major processing unit. Hence, they are called
micro-computers. This computer are small and low cost digital
computer. They are also called home computer or personal computer.
This days we can find various micro computer that has various
processing speed, storage, capacity and size according to cost. They
are normally used in office, home, school, shop etc. Micro Computer
are also found in various shape and size. They are desktop, Laptop
and palmtop.
 Component of
computer
Basic hardware components of a computer system.
1. Input unit
2. Output unit
3. Processfsfweing unit
4. Storage unit
Basic component.
1. Inputunit
2. Output unit
3. Processing unit
4. Storage unit