MAGNETIC

CIRCUITS
DR. PARSHURAM SINGH
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR/EEE
VFSTR
 CONVENTIONAL MAGNETIC CIRCUITS

North and South Pole North to North Pole

Magnetic Field Lines Magnetic Field Lines

• Magnetic Flux is a measure of

Magnetic Field Lines the number of magnetic field
Around A Bar Magnet lines passing through a given
• Magnetic field lines will follow point.
the least reluctance path. • The more magnetic field lines
• remain unaffected by non- the stronger the flux and
magnetic materials interaction with other
Magnetic magnets and ferromagnetic
 MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
• The closed path followed by the magnetic lines of force is called a magnetic circuit.
• The operation of all the electrical devices (e.g., transformers, generators, motors, etc.)
depends upon the magnetism produced by their magnetic circuits.
• A magnetic circuit usually consists of magnetic materials having high permeability (e.g.,
iron, soft steel, etc.).
 MAGNETIC CIRCUITS

(a) Current flow

towards you

(b) Current flow

away from you
 MAGNETIC CIRCUITS

(a) Current flow

upwards

(b) Current flow

downwards
 MAGNETIC CIRCUITS TERMS
• Magnetic field: The region around a magnet where its poles exhibit a force of attraction or repulsion
is called magnetic field
• Magnetic flux (φ): The amount of magnetic lines of force set up in a magnetic circuit is called
magnetic flux. Its unit is weber (Wb).
• Magnetic flux density (B): The magnetic flux density at a point is the flux per unit area at right
angles to the flux at that point. Its unit is Wb/m2 or Tesla. (B = φ/A)
• Permeability (μ): The ability of a material to conduct magnetic lines of force through it is called the
permeability of that material.
• The greater the permeability of a material, the greater is its conductivity for the magnetic lines of
force and vice versa.
• Permeability of air or vacuum (μ0) = 4π * 10-7 H/m
• Relative Permeability (μr): The ratio of the permeability of material μ to the permeability of air or
vacuum μ0

• Relative permeability of air μ0μr = 1. (all the non-magnetic materials is also 1)

 MAGNETIC CIRCUITS TERMS
• Magnetic field intensity: The force acting on a unit north pole (1 Wb) when placed at a point in the
magnetic field is called the magnetic intensity of the field at that point.
𝑚𝑚𝑓 𝑁𝐼
𝐻= = 𝐴𝑇 /𝑚
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡h 𝑜𝑓 𝑡h𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑎𝑡h 𝑙
• Reluctance (S): The opposition offered to the magnetic flux by a magnetic circuit is called its
reluctance.
• Permeance:
• It is a measure of the ease with which flux can be set up in the material.
• It is reciprocal of reluctance of the material (1/S)
• Reluctivity: It is specific reluctance and analogous to resistivity in an electric circuit.

Magnetic Circuit Electric Circuit

Magnetic Circuit Electric Circuit
Parallel Magnetic Circuit Series Magnetic Circuit
MAGNETIC LEAKAGE FLUX
 MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
N – No. of turns lm – Mean length of magnetic circuit, m
Iron – Core material a – area of cross-section of core in m2;
I – Current, A μr – relative permeability of core material.
φ – Magnetic flux , Wb
NI – magneto-motive force (mmf)
.
φ 2
Flux density ∈the core material , B= Wb / m
a
B φ
Magnetising force ∈the core material , H = = AT / m
μ0 μr a μa μr
By work law,
Work done in moving a unit
Magnetic pole once round the = Ampere turn enclosed by the magnetic
magnetic circuit circuit

∴ 𝐻𝑙=𝑁𝐼 (𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝑇 )
𝑁𝐼 𝑚𝑚𝑓
𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑥 ,𝜑 = ,𝑊𝑏=

( )
𝑙𝑚 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡h𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑎𝑡h
𝑎 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟
PRE- T1 (11-11-2024)
 MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
An iron ring of 400 cm mean circumference is made from round iron of cross section 20
cm2. Its permeability is 500. If it is wound with 400 turns, what current would be required to
produce a flux of 0.001 Wb?
Mean length of magnetic path, lm = 400 cm = 4 m
Area of X-section of iron ring, a = 20 × 10−4 m2
Absolute permeability, μ0 = 4π ×10−7
Relative permeability, μr = 500
No. of turns, N = 400, Magnetic flux, φ = 0.001 Wb
𝑁𝐼
𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑥 ,𝜑 = ,𝑊𝑏

( 𝑙𝑚
)
𝑎 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟

Current, I = 7.958 A
 PROBLEMS BASED ON MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
Calculate the flux produced in the air gap in the magnetic circuit shown in Fig. which is
excited by the MMF of two windings. The mean length of the flux path is 40 cm. The
permeability of iron is 2000. The uniform core cross-sectional area is 10 cm 2
Length of the air-gap, lg = 1 mm Length of the iron, li = 40 cm - 1 mm

Relative permeability of iron, μr = 2000

Permeability of Vaccum, μ0 = 4π * 10-7

Uniform core cross-sectional area, A = 10 cm 2

Total MMF = N1I1 − N2I2

Total reluctance, S = Reluctance of iron + Reluctance of air gap
𝐥𝐢
𝐑𝐞𝐥𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐢𝐫𝐨𝐧 , 𝐒𝐢=
𝛍𝟎 𝛍𝐫 𝐀
𝐥
𝐑𝐞𝐥𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐢𝐫 − 𝐠𝐚𝐩 , 𝐒𝐠= 𝐠
𝛍𝟎 𝐀 Answer:
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥𝐌𝐌𝐅 Total MMF = 880 AT
𝐌𝐚𝐠𝐧𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐟𝐥𝐮𝐱 , 𝛗= Total reluctance = 0.955 * 106
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐑𝐞𝐥𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 AT/Wb
 PROBLEMS BASED ON COIL
A flux of 25 mWb links with a 1500 turn coil when a current of 3 A passes through the coil. Calculate (a) the
inductance of the coil, (b) the energy stored in the magnetic field and (c) the average e.m.f. induced if the
current falls to zero in 150 ms.

𝑵𝝋
𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒊𝒍 , 𝑳=
𝑰
𝟏 𝟐
𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒊𝒍 , 𝑾 = 𝑳𝑰
𝟐

𝒅𝒊 𝒅𝒊
𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒆 . 𝒎. 𝒇 , 𝑬=− 𝑳 =− 𝑵
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
Answer:
L = 12.5 H
W = 56.25 J
E = -250 V
 TRANSFORMER

With core Without core

 COUPLED CIRCUITS
Two coils of number of turns N1 = 1000 and N2 = 400, respectively, are placed near each other. They are
magnetically coupled in such a way that 75 per cent of the flux produced by the one of 1000 turns links the
other. A current of 6 A produces a flux of 0.8 mWb in N1 and the same amount of current produces a flux of
0.5 mWb in the coil of N2 turns. Determine L1, L2, M, and K for the coils

𝑵 𝟏 𝝋𝟏 𝑵 𝟐 𝝋𝟐
𝑺𝒆𝒍𝒇 − 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒊𝒍𝟏 , 𝑳 𝟏= 𝑺𝒆𝒍𝒇 − 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒊𝒍𝟐 , 𝑳 𝟐=
𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐
𝑵 𝟐 𝟎 . 𝟕𝟓 𝝋 𝟏
𝑴𝒖𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 − 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝑴=
𝑰𝟏

𝑴
𝑪𝒐− 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 , 𝒌=
√ 𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐 Answer:
L1 = 0.133 H
L2 = 0.033 H
M = 0.04 H
k = 0.606
TRANSFORMER

Answer:
K = 0.1
N1 = 860 turns
I2 = 200 A
I1 = 20 A
The emf per turn of a single phase 2200 V/220 V, 50 Hz transformer is approximately 12
V .calculate
a) No. of primary and secondary turns?
b) the net cross sectional area of core of a maximum flux density of 1.5T?

Given Data: Formula to be used:

EMF/turn, (V1/N1 = V2/N2) = 12 V
V1 = 2200 V V1 = E1 = 4.44 f N1 ϕm
V2 = 220 V
Maximum flux density, Bm = 1.5 T
Answer:
N1=183 turns
N2 = 18 turns
Φm = 0.054 wb
A = 0.036 m2
A 100 kVA, 3300/200 volt, 50 Hz single phase transformer has 40 turns on the secondary,
calculate: (i) the values of primary and secondary currents. (ii) the number of primary turns.
(iii) the maximum value of the flux. If the transformer is to be used on a 25 Hz system,
calculate. (iv) the primary voltage, assuming that the flux is increased by 10% (v) the kVA
rating of the transformer assuming the current density in the windings to be unaltered.

Rated Power of ideal

Given Data: Formula to be used:

transformer, P = VI
Rated Power, P = 100 kVA
Primary Voltage, V1 = 3300 V
Secondary Voltage, V2 = 200 V
Frequency, f = 50 Hz V1 = E1 = 4.44 f N1 ϕm
Secondary turns, N2 = 40 turns

Full load primary current, I1 = 30.3 A

Answer:

Full load primary current, I2 = 500 A

New condition:

No. of primary turns, N1 = 660

New frequency = 25 Hz

Maximum flux, ϕm = 0.0225 Wb

New flux = 110% of rated flux

New Primary voltage = 1815 V

New kVA rating = 55 kVA
A four-pole, three-phase induction when supplied with 400 V, 50 Hz
supply rotates at a slip of 4 per cent. What is the speed of the motor?

Given Data: Formula to be used:

No. of poles = 4
Phase = 3
Input Voltage, V = 400 V
Frequency, f = 50 Hz
% Slip, %S = 4%

Answer:
Three Phase Circuits
Three Phase Circuits
A 400 V, three-phase, 50 Hz power supply is applied across the three terminals of a delta
connected three-phase load. The resistance and reactance of each phase is 6 Ω and 8 Ω,
respectively. Calculate the line current, phase current, active power, reactive power, and
apparent power of the circuit.

Iph = 40 ∟-530 A
VPh = 400 V
Power factor, Cos φ = 0.6 (lag)
ZPh = 6 +j8 Ω IL = 69.28 A
Active power = 28.8 kW
Reactive power = 38.4 kVAR
Apparent power = 48 kVA