Experiment: It is a procedure that can be infinitely repeated

and has a well-defined set of possible outcomes / results.

Random Experiment: It is an experiment, trial, or
observation that can be repeated numerous times under the
same conditions.
Sample space: The set of all possible outcomes of an
experiment is called a “sample space.”
Example Tossing a coin and we will get head / tail of an
experiment. ES = { H, T}
Event: A subset of the sample space associated with a
random experiment is called an event or a case.
e.g. In tossing a coin, getting either head or tail is an event.

GCTS-BM Sir ((χ2)

Simple Event:
An event that has a single point of the sample space is known
as a simple event in probability.
Example, the probability of getting a 3 when a die is tossed.
Here S = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
If E be the event of getting a 3 when a die is tossed.
E={3}
P(E) = 1/6
Compound Event
If an event has more than one sample point, it is termed as a
compound event.
These events involve the probability of more than one event
occurring together. The total probability of all the outcomes of
a compound event is equal to 1.
First, we find the probability of each event occurring. Then we
will multiply these probabilities together.
GCTS-BM Sir ((χ2)
For example the probability of rolling an even number on a die,
then tossing a head on a coin.
Here P(even number) = 3/6
P(head) = 1/2
Hence required probability = (3/6)(1/2) = 3/12
Probability:
Probability means possibility. It is a branch of mathematics
that deals with the occurrence of a random event.
The value of probability is expressed from 0 to 1.
Probability has been introduced the prediction how equally
likely events are to happen.

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If a random experiment can result in any one of N different
equally likely outcomes, and if exactly n of these outcomes
favours to A
Than the probability of event A, P(A) = n/N ie. Favourable
cases /total no of cases.
Probability of event to happen P(A) = No of favorable outcomes
/ Total Number of outcomes
Equally Likely Events:
When all the events have the same theoretical probability of
happening, is called equally likely events.
Ex. Throw a die, then the probability of getting 1 is 1/6.
Similarly, the probability of getting all the numbers from 2,3,4,5
and 6, one at a time is 1/6.
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Independent Events
Independent events are those events whose occurrence is not
dependent on any other event.
Ex, if we toss a coin and get the outcome as Head, then again
if we toss the coin but this time we get the outcome as Tail. In
both cases, the occurrence of both events is independent of
each other.
Exhaustive Events
A set of events is said to be exhaustive if the performance of
random experiment always result in the occurrence of at least
one of them.
Ex. when rolling a die, the events 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 are
collectively exhaustive, because they include the entire range
of possible outcomes. GCTS-BM Sir ((χ )
2
Mutually Exclusive Event
Mutually exclusive events are things that can’t happen at the
same time.
For example, we can’t run backwards and forwards at the
same time. The events “running forward” and “running
backwards” are mutually exclusive.
Tossing a coin we can’t get both a heads and tails. So “tossing
a heads” and “tossing a tails” are mutually exclusive and so on.

GCTS-BM Sir ((χ2)

 Term Definition Example
Sample The set of all the 1. Tossing a coin, Sample Space (S) = {H,T}
Space possible outcomes to
occur in any trial 2. Rolling a die, Sample Space (S) = {1,2,3,4,5,6}

Sample It is one of the In a deck of Cards:

Point possible results 4 of hearts is a sample point.
The queen of clubs is a sample point.
Experiment A series of actions The tossing of a coin, Selecting a card from a deck of
or Trial where the outcomes cards, throwing a dice.
are always uncertain.
Event It is a single outcome Getting a Heads while tossing a coin is an event.
of an experiment.

Outcome Possible result of a T (tail) is a possible outcome when a coin is tossed.

trial/experiment

Complimen The non-happening Standard 52-card deck, A = Draw a heart, then A’ = Don’t
tary event events. The draw a heart
complement of an
event A is the event,
not A (or A’)
Impossible The event cannot In tossing a coin, impossible to get both head and tail at
Event happen the same time
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Definition of Probability
There are three definition of Probability.
[Link] Mathematical or Priori definition: If there are n
mutually exclusive, exhaustive, equally likely cases, and m of
them are favourable to a certain event A, then the probability
(or chance) of the occurrence of A defined as the ration m / n.
ie P(A) = = No of favourable cases
m
n Total no of all equally likely cases
Where P(A) denotes the probability of occurrence of the event A
The Probability or chance of non-occurrence of the event A
= =
n-m No of unfavourable cases
n
Total no of all equally likely cases
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Symbolically, if A or Ac denotes the non-occurrence of A then
P(Ac) = n - m = n - m =1- m = 1 – P(A)
n n n n
Or, P(Ac) + P(A) = 1
Ex1. Three balls are drawn at random from a bag containing 6 blue
and 4 red balls . What is the probability that two balls are blue and
one is red?
Ans: Total no of balls = 6 + 4 = 10
10 !
3 balls are drawn out of 10 balls in 10C3 ways = ways
3 ! . (10 – 3) !
10 x 9 x 8
= ways
1x2x3

= 120 ways
GCTS-BM Sir (()
 6!
2 blue balls are drawn out of 6 balls in 6C2 ways = ways
2 ! . (6 – 2) !
6x5
= ways
1x2
= 15 ways
1 red ball are drawn out of 4 balls in 4C1 ways = 4 ways
2 blue & 1 red balls are jointly drawn in 6C2 x 4C1 ways = 15 x 4 = 60 ways
Total no of favourable cases for the event = 60
Total no of cases for the event = 120
P(2 blue & 1 red ball drawn ) = 60 / 120
= 1 / 2 (Ans)

GCTS-BM Sir (()

Ex2. A die is thrown; find the chance that
a) an ace turns up
b) any one of 1, 2, 3 turns up
Ans: A die has six faces; if it is thrown, than either either 1 or 2 or 3
or 4 or 5 or 6 will appear on the uppermost face of the die.
Total no of all possible cases = 6
a) Aces (=1) will turn up in 1 way only
Therefore no. of favourable cases to the event = 1
Hence P(on ace turns up) = 1 / 6
b) Any one of 1, 2, 3 turns up in 3 ways
Therefore no. of favourable cases to the event = 3
Hence P(any one of 1, 2, 3 turns up) = 3 / 6 = 1 / 2

GCTS-BM Sir (()

Ex3. Three coin is tossed, what is the probability of a ‘Head’
Ans: When we tossed each coin can fall in 2 different ways ie.
either ‘Head’ or ‘Tail’ .
Therefore 3 coins can fall in 2 x 2 x 2 different ways.
S= { HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}
Total no of all possible cases for the event = 2 x 2 x 2 = 8 ways
Out of 8 possible cases only 1 is in favour of the event of
shown all heads ie. {HHH}
P(all heads) = 1 / 8 (Ans)

GCTS-BM Sir (()

Ex4. If one card is drawn at random from a well-shuffled pack of 52
cards, find the chance that the card is
a) a diamond b) not a diamond c) an ace d) neither a spade
nor a heart
Ans: One card drawn of 52 cards in 52C1 ways = 52 ways
Total no. of all possible cases = 52
a)1 diamond is drawn out of 13 diamond in 13C1 ways = 13 ways
Total no of favorable cases for the event = 13
Therefore P (a diamond) = 13 / 52 = 1 / 4 (ans)
b)Therefore P (not a diamond) = 1 – (1 / 4) = 3 / 4 (ans)
c) 1 ace can be drawn out of 4 ace in 4C1 ways = 4 ways
Total no of favorable cases for the event = 4
Therefore P (a ace) = 4 / 52 = 1 / 13 (ans) GCTS-BM Sir (()
 d) There is 13 spade and 13 hearts in a pack of 52 cards. ie. 13 +
13 = 26 cards
Neither a spade nor a heart card can be drown out of 26 cards
in 26C1 ways = 26 ways
Therefore P (either a spade or heart ) = 26 / 52 = 1 / 2
Hence the required propabilety = 1 – (1/2) = 1 / 2 (ans)
Ex5. What is the chance that a leap year selected at random will
contain
a) 53 Sunday
b) 53 Thursdays and 53 Fridays
b) 53 Thursdays or 53 Fridays

GCTS-BM Sir (()

A leap year consists of 366 days in which there are 52 complete weeks and 2
more consecutive days. 52 weeks contain 52 Sundays, 52 Thursdays and 52
Fridays. Therefor the event space is___________
S = { (Sunday, Monday), (Monday, Tuesday), (Tuesday, Wednesday),
(Wednesday, Thursday), (Thursday, Friday), (Friday, Saturday), (Saturday,
Sunday) } ie . n(S) = 7
a) We see that out of the above 7 possibilities 2 contains Sunday
A = {(Sunday, Monday), (Saturday, Sunday) } ie. n(A) = 2
P (53 Sunday) = n(A) / n(S) =2 / 7
b) Here, out of the above 7 possibilities 1 contains only (Thursday,
Friday) ie. A = {Thursday, Friday) }
P (53 Thursdays and 53 Fridays) = 1 / 7
c) Here, out of the above 7 possibilities 3 contains either 53 Thursday or
53 Friday) ie. A = {(Wednesday, Thursday), (Thursday, Friday),
(Friday,
Saturday)}
GCTS-BM Sir (()
2. Empirical of Statistical definition:
If a trial (random experiment) is repeated a large number of times
under essentially the same conditions, then the limiting value of
the ratio of the number of times that an event happens to the
total number of trials as the no. of trials become indefinitely
large, is called the probability of happening of the event,
provided that the limit is a definite finite number .

f
Symbolically, p = P(A) = lim N Where,
N ∞
N = Total no of trials
f = Favourable cases for the event

GCTS-BM Sir ((χ2)

 Ex6. The marks obtained by 1000 students are given below. If a
student is select at random form the whole group of 1000
student, find the probability that his marks is ___________
a) Under 30
b) 60 or above and
c) either between 40 to 50 or 50 to 60

0- 20 - 30 - 40 - 90 -
Marks 10 - 20 50 - 60 60 - 70 70 - 80 80 - 90
10 30 40 50 100

Student
20 50 90 160 240 200 140 80 15 5
s

GCTS-BM Sir (()

N = total number of students = 1000
a)No of students securing marks below 30 = 20 + 50 + 90 = 160
Therefore, the required probability = 160 = 4
1000 25
b) No of student securing marks 60 and above = 140+80+15+5 = 240
Therefore, the required probability = 240 = 6
c) No of student securing who marks either1000
between 4025
to 60 or 50
to 60 = 240+200= 440
Therefore, the required probability = =
440 11
1000 25

GCTS-BM Sir ((χ2)

3. Subjective Probability
The Subjective Probability of an event is the degree of belief or degree of
confidence placed in the occurrence of an even by an event by an individual
based on all evidence available to him. This evidence may be relative
frequency of occurrence of data or any other quantitative or qualitative
information. As the probability value is a personal judgment, the subjective
probability is also called personality probability.
SET THEORY APPROACH:
[Link] event A υ B will denoted the occurrence of either A or B or both A and
B.
[Link] event A Ո B will denoted the simultaneous occurrence of A and B.
[Link] event Ac will denote the non-occurrence of A
[Link] event A – B will denoted the occurrence of A and the non-occurrence
of B. ie. A – B = A Ո Bc
[Link]
events A and B are said to be mutually exclusive if they are disjoint . ie
AՈB=ɸ
GCTS-BM Sir ()
Ex. 7: If a die is tossed what is the probability that the number appearing
on top is ____________
a) Even
b) not an even number
c) either an even or an odd number
d) an odd number less than 4.
Ans:
If a die is rolled the possible the possible sample points are 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6,
and the sample space consists of these 6 sample point
ie. S = {1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6 }
therefore, n(S) = 6
Let A be the event that an even number appears ie A = {2, 4, 6}
B that an odd numbers appears ie B = {1 ,3 , 5}
C that a number less than 4 app ears ie C = {1 , 2 , 3}
GCTS-BM Sir ()
Ac = {1, 3, 5} b) The probability that the number
A υ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} =S appearing on top is less than 4 _____
3 1
B Ո C = { 1, 3} P(C) = n(C) = = 2
n(S) 6
n(A) =3
c) The probability that the number
n(C) =3 appearing on top is not an even is _____
3
P(Ac ) = n(A ) = = 1
c
n(Ac ) = 3 6
n(S) 2
n( A υ B) = 6
d) The probability that the number
n(B Ո C) = 2 appearing on top either an even or odd
numbersis _____
a)The probability that the number
n(A υ B )
appearing on top is even is _____ P(A υ B ) = = 6 = 1
n(A) n(S) 6
P(A) = n(S) e) The probability that the number
3 appearing on top is anor odd number less
=
6 than 4 is _____
n(B Ո C) 2 1 =
1 P(B Ո C) = =
6
= 2 n(S) 3

GCTS-BM Sir ()
Ex. 8: In a family there are 3 children . Find the probability that all of
them will have different birthday?
Ans:
The birthday of the first child may fall on any one of the 365 days, the second
child’s birthday may occur on any one of the 365 days and similarly of the third
child.
The total no of all possible ways in which the 3 children can have their birthdays
= 365 x 365 x 365
n(S) = 365 x 365 x 365
For the no of favorable cases for the first child can have his birthday on any one
of the 365 days and 2nd child has different birthday on any one of the remaining
364 days in the year and for 3rd child can have a different birthday on any of the
remaining 363 days
Therefore, no of favourable cases for the event A = 365 x 364 x 363 ways
ie. n(A) = 365 x 364 x 363
n(A) 365 x 364 x 363
P(3 child have different birthday) = = 365 x 365 x 365 = 0.99
n(S)
GCTS-BM Sir ()
Ex. 9: A sample of 3 items is selected at random from a box 12 items of
which 3 are defective. Find the possible number of defective combinations
of he said 3 selected items along with probability of a defective
combination.
Ans:
3 items can be selected form the box containing 12 items in 12C3 ways
12! 12x11x10
= 3! x (12-3)! = 3x2x1 = 220 ways
Total no of cases = 220 ways
No of non-defective items in the box = 12 – 3 = 9
3 non-defective items can be selected out of 9 in 9C3 ways
9! 9x8x7
= 3! x (9-3)! = 3x2x1 = 84 ways
Possible no of non-defective combination = 84 ways
Possible no of defective combination = (220 – 84) ways = 136 way
P(defective combination) = 136 /220 = 34 / 55 (Ans)
GCTS-BM Sir ()
Theorem Of Total Probability:

Theorem I: If A and B be two mutually exclusive events then P(AυB) = P(A)

+ P(B) ie. The probability that either A or B occurs is the sum of he
probabilities of the events A and B
Theorem II: If A and B be two events then P(AυB) that at least one of the
two events A and B occurs is given by
P(AυB) = P(A) + P(B) – P(AՈB)

GCTS-BM Sir ()
A probability distribution is a function that describes the
likelihood of obtaining the possible values that a random
variable can assume. ie, the values of the variable vary
based on the underlying probability distribution.
There are two types of Probability Distribution _________
Discrete Probability Distribution
 Binomial Distribution
 Poisson Distribution
Continuous Probability Distribution
 Normal Distribution

GCTS-BM Sir ()
Binomial Distribution:
Binomial Distribution is the most fundamental and important Discreet
Probability Distribution in Statistics and is defined by the Probability Function
f(x) = [Link].q(n –x) where n = 1, 2, 3, . . . . . .,n
which gives the probability of x successes in a series of n independent trials
(x ≤ n) where p is the constant probability of success in a single trial and (q =
1 – p)
p = probability of success
q = 1 – p = probability of failuare
If n and p are constants called parameter of the Binomial Distribution
f(x) = Discreet Probability Distribution is given by ____________

X 0 1 2 ... n
f(x) qn n
C1.p1.q(n –1) n
C2.p2.q(n –2) ... pn
GCTS-BM Sir ()
Condition of Binomial Distribution:
[Link] are repeated under identical condition for a fixed number of times
say n.
[Link] are only two possible outcomes viz. success or failure for each trial
[Link] probability of success in each trial remains constant and does not
change from trial to trials
[Link] trials are independent ie. The probability of an event is any trial is not
affected by the results or any other trial
Properties of Binomial Distribution:
[Link] is Discreet Probability Distribution in which the random variable x (no. of
success) assumes the values 0, 1, 2, . . . . , n where n is finite
[Link] = np, variabce = npq, σ = √(npq)
sqewness = (q – p) / √(npq) kurtosis = (1 – 6pq)
/ (npq)
GCTS-BM Sir ()
Ex. 10. Six coins are tossed simultaneously. What is the probability of
getting a) 2 heads b) at least 2 heads c) more than 2
head
Ans.:
Let ‘getting a head by tossing a coin’ be a ‘success’
p = 1/2 q = 1 – (1/2) = 1/2 and n = 6
The probability function is _________________
f(x) = [Link].q(n –x) = 6Cx . (1/2) x.(1/2) (6 –x)
a)Putting x = 2 and get the probability f(2) of 2 heads given by ______
f(2) = 6C2 . (1/2)
6!
2
.(1/2) (6 –2)
1 1
2! x (6-2)! 4 16
= x x

1 1
= 15 x 4 x 16

GCTS-BM Sir ()
GCTS-BM Sir ()
Ex. 11: Eight Coins are trrown simultaneously. Show that the probability of
getting at least 6 heads is 37 / 256.
Ans.:

GCTS-BM Sir ()
Ex. 12: The screws produced by a certain machine were checked by
examining samples of 12. The following table shows the distribution of 128
samples according to the no. of defective items they contain.

Fit a Binomial Distribution and find the expected frequencies if the chance of
the machine being defective is 1 / 2. Find the mean and variance of ht fitted
distribution.

GCTS-BM Sir ()
Ans: Let the occurrence of a defective screw be a success.
Therefore, n =7 p=1/2 q= 1-1/2=1/2
x = 0, 1, 2, . . .7 and N = 128

GCTS-BM Sir ()