SITE

WORK
 SITE WORK
• Site works is a general term used in the
construction industry to refer to the
preliminary work of getting a construction
site ready for building and development.
It encompasses a range of different
preparatory activities and may vary
somewhat depending on the particular
environmental conditions of the site and
the goals and needs of the construction
project. Site work is an extremely
important step in good construction
practices because it sets the stage for
everything that is to come, protects the
site, and helps minimize or eliminate a
range of potential future problems.

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 SITE WORK
COMPONENTS
1. Site Work Layout
2. Excavation
3. Grading
4. Back Filling
5. Drainage
6. Driveway
7. Septic System
8. Landscaping

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 • must be prepared before any
construction work to commence on
the site. The fact that a
construction site is filled with
activities such as movements of
[Link] large quantities of materials and
valuable products it is crucial that
WORK
an effective and accurate site work
L AY O U T layout be completed. This will
ensure that that work is done
efficiently and safely. Careful sizing
and positioning of temporary
facilities can help reduce travel
times, congestion, waiting times
and so on and help to make the
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with better worker morale

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 2 . E X C A V AT I O N
• In construction terms,
excavation is the process
of removing earth to form
a cavity in the ground. On
small sites or in confined
spaces, excavation may
be carried out by manual
means using tools such
as picks, shovels and
wheelbarrows. Larger
scale excavation works
will require heavy plant
such as bulldozers and
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back tractors. 6
 • Two common method in
classifying excavation
1. Removal of material
2. The purpose for
excavating:

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 • Top Soil Excavation: This involves the
removal of the exposed layer of the earth’s
surface, including any vegetation or decaying
matter which could make the soil
compressible and therefore unsuitable for
bearing structural loads. The depth will vary
R E M O VA L O F from site to site.
M AT E R I A L S • Earth Excavation: This involves the removal
of the layer of soil directly beneath the
topsoil. The removed material (referred to as
'spoil') is often stockpiled and used to
construct embankments and foundations.

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 • Rock Excavation: This is the removal of
material that cannot be excavated without
using special excavation methods such as
drilling (by hand or with heavy machinery)
or blasting with explosives.
• Muck Excavation: This is the removal of
excessively wet material and soil that is
unsuitable for stockpiling.
• Unclassified Excavation: This is the removal
of a combination of the above materials,
such as where it is difficult to distinguish
between the materials encountered.

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 THE
E X C A V AT I O
N PURPOSE

• Cut and Fill Excavation: This is the process of excavation whereby the
material that is cut or stripped. The removed topsoil and earth can be used
as fill for embankments, elevated sections, and so on. It can also be used
to form a level surface on which to build, as elevated sections of the site
are ‘cut’ and moved to ‘fill’ lower sections of the site.

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 • Trench Excavation: Trench, or footing,
excavation is typically used to form strip
foundations, buried services, and so on. The
choice of technique and plan for excavating,
supporting and backfilling the trench depends
on factors such as; the purpose of the trench,
the ground conditions, the trench location, the
number of obstructions, and so on.
• Dredging: Dredging is the process of
excavating and removing sediments and debris
from below water level, typically from the
bottom of lakes, rivers, harbours, and so on. For
more information, see Dredging.

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 [Link]
• Grading is arranging of the surface of
the land by removing or adding (cut and
fill) earthen material to shape the land
to best suit the construction process.
"Cut" being the ground that's dug up
and "fill" being the dirt that's added to
create consistent level for construction.
It is accomplished with both large
machines, such as bulldozers, and dump
trucks, and rakes and shovels. Grading
is a major component of the function
and success of a land development
project.

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 • Replacement of soil that is removed when
preparing for construction. It is used to
strengthen and support a structure's
foundation. Backfill is generally a
combination of soil, stones and rocks. The
areas around the foundation are graded with
backfill to promote better water drainage.
[Link]
Backfilling requires compacting layers of filler
FILLING in 12-inch intervals until the material is even
with the ground surrounding it Upon
completion, sod or grass may be planted to
blend with surrounding areas.

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 • Any underground pipework or conduit used
for the conveyance of foul water or surface
water, which is not intended to be taken
over and maintained by the Local Authority.
• The cutting and/or filling of earth to
establish smooth finish contours for a
landscape construction project. Grading
5. DRAINAGE facilitates good drainage and sculpts land
to suit the intent of landscape design.

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 • - Driveways should have a minimum
width of 3m and a maximum gradient
of 10%. A kerb upstand of 25mm
6. should be provided at entrances.

D R I V E W AY

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 • A septic system is a highly efficient, self-
contained, underground wastewater
treatment system. Because septic
systems treat and dispose of household
wastewater onsite, they are often more
economical than centralized sewer
7. SEPTIC
systems in rural areas where lot sizes are
SYSTEM larger, and houses are spaced widely
apart. And b. SEWER SYSTEMS-a network
of pipes, pumps, and force mains for the
collection of wastewater, or sewage,
from a community. This is done when
construction is completed.
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 • Landscaping refers to any activity that
modifies the visible features of an area of
land, including:
• living elements, such as flora or fauna; or
8.
what is commonly called gardening, the art
LANDSCAP and craft of growing plants with a goal of
ING creating a beautiful environment within the
landscape.
• Natural elements such as landforms, terrain
shape and elevation, or bodies of water; and
abstract elements such as the weather and
lighting conditions.

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