FABRICATION AND
CHARACTERIZATION OF 3D
PRINTED GYROSCOPE USING PLA
PRO+ MATERIAL
(GROUP NO – 2)
PRESENTED BY-
• PRATHAM GUPTA MENTOR
• DATTATREYA MAHAPATRA
• ABHISHEK SINGH DR. YOGESH SHRIVASATAVA
• AMAN IMTIYAZ
GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING &
TABLE OF
CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
3. PROPOSED METHODOLGY
4. FABRICATION
5. RESEARCH AND DISCUSSION
6. CONCLUSION
7. REFERENCE
INTRODUCTION
• The word Gyroscope comes from the Greek word “gyros”, meaning “round” and “skopeo”,
meaning “to look”. Gyroscope is an instrument for determining orientation and angular
velocity. Gyroscope was inspired by the top, known to practically ancient civilisation. This
natural behaviour was used to implement artificial horizon.
• A spinning mass gyroscope is device used to measure or maintain angular velocity and
orientation of object attached. Basic of the gyroscope is the conservation of angular momentum
so gyroscope can be mounted on the gimbals which enable gyroscope to rotate in many
direction Gyroscope also comprises of the rotor as the major component.
INTRODUCTION
Spinning rotor helps to produce the angular
momentum which retain the rotor orientation
independent of external forces or motion. The
various application include navigation systems in
Ships, Aeroplanes, and Spacecraft depend on this
stability The gimbal design helps the rotor to move
independently from the base which provides the
precise directional information even if the bottom
spins or tilts.
GYROSCOPE
INTRODUCTION
Once spinning, the gyroscope exhibits two fundamental properties :-
1. Rigidity in Space:
The spinning rotor resists changes to the orientation of its spin axis. This means that even if the
frame or gimbal system is moved, the rotor tends to maintain its original orientation in space.
2. Precession:
When an external torque is applied to change the direction of the spin axis, the gyroscope
responds not by moving in the direction of the applied torque but by moving perpendicularly to it. This
movement is called gyroscopic precession.
These properties make gyroscopes extremely useful for applications in navigation, stabilization, and
attitude control, particularly in aircraft, ships, spacecraft, and inertial guidance systems.
LITERATURE
REVIEW
SR
AUTHOR YEAR RESEARCH DONE
NO.
Reviewed advances in gyroscope technologies, including MEMS
1 Mario N. Armenise et al. 2010
gyroscopes.
Co-authored a review on gyroscope advancements and MEMS
2 Caterina Ciminelli 2010
technologies.
Contributed to the study of emerging trends in gyroscope
3 Francesco Dell'Olio 2010
technologies.
LITERATURE
REVIEW
SR
AUTHOR YEAR RESEARCH DONE
NO.
Examined the integration of gyroscopes in navigation systems.
4 Vittorio M. N. Passaro 2010
Designed three-axis gyroscopes with concentric gimbals,
5 Andrew Mao 2014
addressing challenges like shaft clearance.
Developed 3D-printed microhemispherical shell resonators for
6 Baoyin Hou and Team 2018
Coriolis vibratory gyroscopes.
LITERATURE
REVIEW
SR
AUTHOR YEAR RESEARCH DONE
NO.
Worked on sensor fusion and open data access for gyroscope
7 Kun Zhan et al. 2021
preservation.
Contributed to the digitization of historical gyroscopes using
8 Beate Ceranski 2021
photogrammetry.
Created 3D-printed gyroscopes for practical and educational
9 Shonson 2023
purposes.
KEY FINDINGS
FROM LITERATURE
• MOST OF THE COVENTIONAL GYROSCOPES WHICH ARE
AVAILABLE IN THE MARKET ARE EXPENSIVE DUE TO THEIR
MATERIAL USED IN PRODUCTION
• UNLIKE CONVENTIONAL GYROSCOPES, ADDITIVE
MANUFACTURING ENABLES THE MINIATURIZATION OF THESE
DEVICES, OFFERING A SIGNIFICANT ADVANCEMENT IN DESIGN
FLEXIBILITY AND PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY.
• CONVENTIONAL GYROSCOPES TEND TO BE QUITE LARGE AND
HEAVY; HOWEVER, THEIR WEIGHT CAN BE SIGNIFICANTLY
REDUCED THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF ADDITIVE
MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES.
FABRICATION &
DESIGN
CONSIDERATION
FABRICATION OF MECHANICAL GYROSCOPE
COMPONENTSUTILIZING ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGY, WE SUCCESSFULLY FABRICATED ALL
CONVENTIONAL PARTS OF THE MECHANICAL GYROSCOPE. THE
DETAILED LIST OF COMPONENTS IS PROVIDED IN THE
FOLLOWING SLIDE. POST 3D PRINTING, THE INDIVIDUAL
COMPONENTS WERE ASSEMBLED TO FORM A FUNCTIONAL
GYROSCOPE.
FABRICATION &
DESIGN
CONSIDERATION
The design considerations that we
keep in our mind are -
1. REPLICATION OF CONVENTIONAL DESIGN: WE STUDIED THE STRUCTURE AND
CONSTRUCTION OF TRADITIONAL MECHANICAL GYROSCOPES AND ADAPTED THE
DESIGN FOR ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY.
2. DIMENSIONAL CONSISTENCY: WE MAINTAINED IDENTICAL DIMENSIONS AND
SPECIFICATIONS AS THE CONVENTIONAL COUNTERPART, ENSURING SEAMLESS
FUNCTIONALITY AND EASIER INTEGRATION.
FABRICATION &
DESIGN
CONSIDERATION
KEY DESIGN ASPECTS FROM SPINNING MASS GYROSCOPES, A WELL-ESTABLISHED
TECHNOLOGY, ARE BEING CONSIDERED AND INTEGRATED INTO CONTEMPORARY
DESIGNS.
TOP PLATE COUPLER & STANDOFF SPINNING DISK LOWER STANDOFF
FABRICATION &
DESIGN
CONSIDERATION
LOWER CASE STAND ANGLE BRACKET
PULLEY SYSTEM
FABRICATION &
DESIGN
CONSIDERATION
SOME DESIGNS CONSIDERATIONS IN TERMS OF STL FORMAT
BRACKET JOINER PVC RIDER WHEEL MOTOR MOUNT BRACKET
SHEALTH TAB TOP PLATE TRACK SPACER
FABRICATION &
DESIGN
CONSIDERATION
There is also use of some conventional parts in spinning mass mechanical gyroscope that helps to
maintain gyroscope’s orientation
ALUMINIUM BAR SERVO CONTROLLER BEARING MULTI ROTOR MOTOR
FABRICATION &
DESIGN
CONSIDERATION
CALCULATION
Let’s suppose a disk of mass M and angular velocity w (rads/sec)
1 Rotation = 2 pi Radians
I = “moment of Inertia” kg.m^2
Linear Momentum (P) = M*V
M = kg
V = m/s
Angular Momentum (L) = w*I
I = M*R^2
An object consider of infinite number of tiny particles at various distance from center of
rotation
printed wheel radius = 0.1 m Approx. mass of the wheel = .335 Kg
CALCULATIONS
I(wheel) = 1/2MR^2
I = 0.001675 Kg*m^2 620 RPM / Volt
Number of bolts required = 21 (Approx.) 15V Input
Radius of one bolt = 0.089 m 9,000 RPM
Mass of each bolt = 0.073Kg (Approx.) In this it is step down to 3:1 resulting in 3000 RPM
I(Bolts) = MR^2 F = w^2 * RM w = 3000/60 * 2π w = 314
I = 0.012Kg*m^2 rads / sec
Total I = I(wheel) + I(Bolts) M = 0.073 Kg
I = 0001675 + 0.012 R = 0.089 m (Approx.)
I = 0.0138 Kg*m^2 (Approx.) F = 640 N (Approx.)
A = w^2 * R E = ½ * I * w^2
F = MA = w^2 *RM E = 680 Joules (Approx.)
Servo Motor specification (Approx.)
FABRICATON & DESIGN CONSIDERATION
Material Selection: PLA PRO+
Why PLA PRO+ is Best Suited ?
1. High Impact Resistance Stronger than standard PLA Ideal for functional parts and prototypes
2. Improved Tensile Strength Endures greater pulling forces Suitable for durable, high-strength applications
3. Higher Heat Resistance Performs better in elevated temperatures Suitable for heat-sensitive environments
4. Better Layer Adhesion Ensures smooth, high-quality prints Reduces delamination risk
5. Eco-Friendly Biodegradable Made from renewable resources (e.g., corn starch)
CALIBRATION
Calibration is a process of adjusting and verifying the accuracy of a device by comparing it with known standards while
calibrating a gyroscope the device must have ability to accurately measure angular velocity and orientation.
When calibrating a gyroscope, the device must accurately measure angular velocity and orientation. Below are the key
steps involved in gyroscope calibration:
Gyroscope Calibration Steps [Link] Factor Calibration
[Link] at known speed, record °/s output.
[Link] Setup [Link] with reference and adjust scale.
[Link] the gyroscope securely to avoid vibrations. [Link] at various temperatures if needed.
[Link] all connections are firm.
[Link] Compensation
[Link]-Rate Offset [Link] across operating temperature range.
[Link] output while stationary. [Link] readings to correct temperature effects.
[Link] this offset from future readings.
[Link]
[Link] output with a calibrated reference.
[Link] final adjustments for accuracy.
RESEARCH & DISCUSSION
GRAPH 1
This graph represents the results from a pin-on-disc wear and
friction test. The wear (in micrometers) is plotted against time
(in seconds), showing how material loss evolves over time.
Initially, the wear increases rapidly before stabilizing,
suggesting a shift in the wear rate.
Key parameters:
Load: 98.10 N
Rotational Speed: 3000 RPM
Wear Track Diameter: 75 mm
The red curve illustrates the experimental data, while the
black line represents a linear fit with the equation
Y = 26.200702 X + 735.63. This equation indicates a trend in
wear accumulation over time.
RESEARCH & DISCUSSION
GRAPH 2
(Coefficient of Friction vs. Time):
The coefficient of friction starts high (~0.250) and decreases
gradually to ~0.040 over 80 seconds.
The mean coefficient of friction is 0.186, with a standard
deviation of 0.056 and a variance of 0.003.
This trend suggests an initial high resistance that reduces with
continued sliding.
RESEARCH & DISCUSSION
GRAPH 3
Frictional Force vs. Time
The frictional force starts at ~25 N and decreases to ~5 N over 80 seconds.
This indicates a steady decline in force required for movement, likely due to surface wear or lubrication effects.
The pin-on-disc experiment is a widely used method to evaluate the wear and friction properties of materials, including PLA
Pro+. In this test, a stationary pin (often cylindrical or spherical) is pressed against a rotating disc under a controlled load.
The setup allows for the measurement of frictional forces, wear rates, and surface changes over time.
For PLA Pro+, this experiment can help assess its tribological behavior, such as its resistance to wear and its coefficient of
friction, under various conditions like dry or lubricated environments. The results are valuable for applications where PLA
Pro+ might experience mechanical stress or sliding contact, such as in gears, bearings, or other moving components.
FUTURE PROSPECT
AEROSPACE MEDICAL
THESE PRECISION DEVICES ARE UTILIZED IN
UTILIZED IN AIRCRAFT AND SPACECRAFT SOPHISTICATED SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS AND
NAVIGATION SYSTEMS, THEY PROVIDE PRECISE DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS, PROVIDING ACCURATE
ORIENTATION AND STABILITY CONTROL, MOVEMENT AND POSITIONING CAPABILITIES
ENABLING ACCURATE AND RELIABLE THAT SUPPORT OPTIMAL CLINICAL OUTCOMES
OPERATION.
ROBOTICS AUTOMOTIVE
THESE SYSTEMS ARE INTEGRATED
INTEGRATED INTO ADVANCED ROBOTIC INTO ADVANCED DRIVER-
PLATFORMS TO ENABLE PRECISE BALANCE ASSISTANCE SYSTEMS (ADAS) TO
AND MOTION CONTROL, PARTICULARLY PROVIDE CRITICAL STABILITY AND
IN AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS WHERE NAVIGATION FUNCTIONALITY,
ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY ARE PARAMOUNT ENHANCING OVERALL DRIVING
SAFETY AND EFFICIENCY
ICMME-2025
THE CULMINATION OF OUR PROJECT WAS THE PUBLICATION OF A RESEARCH PAPER. ON APRIL
28, 2025, WE PRESENTED OUR FINDINGS AT THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING (ICMME) HELD AT JAYPEE UNIVERSITY OF
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, GUNA, MADHYA PRADESH.
ICMME-2025
THE COMMITUTY OF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF MECHANICAL AND MATERIAL
ENGINEERING AT JAYPEE UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY ACKNOWLEDGED
OUR WORK BY GIVING US CERTIFICATE.
DATTATREYA PRATHAM ABHISHEK AMAN
MAHAPATRA GUPTA SINGH IMTIYAZ
CONCLUSION
THIS STUDY EXAMINES THE FEASIBILITY OF UTILIZING ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TO REPLICATE TRADITIONAL SPINNING MASS
GYROSCOPE COMPONENTS, WITH THE OBJECTIVE OF IMPROVING PERFORMANCE, REDUCING PRODUCTION COMPLEXITIES, AND
ENABLING CUSTOMIZED DESIGNS. THE RESEARCH AIMS TO LEVERAGE 3D PRINTING'S DESIGN FLEXIBILITY AND RAPID
PROTOTYPING CAPABILITIES TO TRANSFORM GYROSCOPE PRODUCTION AND FUNCTIONALITY.
THE UTILIZATION OF 3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY FACILITATES THE DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF INTRICATE GEOMETRIES AND
LIGHTWEIGHT STRUCTURES, THEREBY ENABLING THE PRODUCTION OF HIGH-PRECISION GYROSCOPE COMPONENTS. BY
CAREFULLY SELECTING MATERIALS AND REFINING 3D PRINTING PROCESSES, IT IS POSSIBLE TO ACHIEVE EXCEPTIONAL ACCURACY
AND MEET SPECIFIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS. THE INTEGRATION OF 3D PRINTING WITH GYROSCOPE TECHNOLOGY HAS FAR-
REACHING IMPLICATIONS, PROMISING SUBSTANTIAL IMPROVEMENTS IN STABILITY, ACCURACY, AND OVERALL PERFORMANCE
ACROSS A BROAD SPECTRUM OF APPLICATIONS, INCLUDING AEROSPACE AND CONSUMER ELECTRONICS.
THE CONVERGENCE OF 3D PRINTING AND SPINNING MASS GYROSCOPE TECHNOLOGY HAS PROFOUND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE
FUTURE OF PRECISION ENGINEERING. BY LEVERAGING THE DESIGN FLEXIBILITY AND PRODUCTION CAPABILITIES OF
ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, THIS APPROACH UNLOCKS NEW POSSIBILITIES FOR INNOVATION AND EFFICIENCY. AS 3D
PRINTING TECHNOLOGY EVOLVES, ITS INTEGRATION WITH GYROSCOPY IS LIKELY TO YIELD FAR-REACHING ADVANCEMENTS
ACROSS DIVERSE INDUSTRIAL SECTORS.
REFERENCES
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InP resonant angular velocity sensor for a monolithically integrated optical gyroscope. IEEE Photonics Journal, 8(1), 1-19
[Link], C., Dell’Olio, F., Campanella, C. E., & Armenise, M. N. (2010). Photonic technologies for angular velocity sensing.
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[Link], C. J. (2016). Manual Optical Attitude Re-initialization of a Crew Vehicle in Space Using Bias Corrected Gyro Data. West
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[Link], M., Zhan, K., & Wagner, J. F. (2019, September). Gyrolog–creating a 3-dimensional digital collection of classical gyro
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[Link], D., Wagner, J. F., Ceranski, B., Simon, S., Niklaus, M., Zhan, K., & Mammadov, G. (2021). Making historical gyroscopes
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Thank You
For your attention