CHAPTER 03

Dynamics
Dynamics is the branch of mechanics which deals with
the motion of bodies with reference of the forces and
their effects.
Force
Force is a push or a pull.
Force can change the size, shape and
motion of a body.
Unit of force is NEWTON (N).
Force can be measured with a spring
balance.

Examples: Friction, weight, air resistance,

electrostatic force, magnetic forces.
 Force are of two types

Balance force Unbalance force

Balanced forces
If the forces acts on a body is balanced:
it stay at rest
or
it moves with constant speed.
If the forces acts on the body is balanced,
then the resultant force is zero.
Example 1:

Resultant force = 6000 − 6000 = 0 N

Example 2:

Resultant force = 500 − 500 = 0 N

 Newton’s first law of motion
If the forces acting on a body is
balanced, then
If it is at rest, it will continue to stay at
rest.
If it is moving, it will keep on moving at
OR
a constant speed in a straight line.
A body continues its states of rest or in uniform motion
in a straight line provided no net force acts on it.

If the forces are balanced forces then the acceleration in the

body will be zero.
Unbalanced forces
Unbalanced forces causes
a stationary body to move
Or
a moving body to change its
velocity
If the forces acts on a body is
unbalanced , then there will be a
resultant force.
Example 1:

Resultant force = 5000 − 1500 = 3500 N

The forces act on a car is unbalance, so it
accelerates because forward force is greater
than backward force.
Example 2:

Resultant force = 6000 − 2000 = 4000 N

Newton’s second law of motion
The acceleration of the body is directly proportional to
the direction of force applied and inversely proportional
to the mass of the body.

a ∝ F …………………. (i)
And
a ∝ ……………….. (ii)

The greater the mass of an object, the smaller

acceleration it is given by a particular force.

The force, mass and acceleration can be combined into

the following equation:
Force = mass ×
Example question
A block of mass 20 kg is pushed along a road
with a force of 30 N. The frictional force is 10
N.

What is the acceleration of the block?

Ans : F = ma
a=?
F = 30 – 10 = 20N
m = 20kg
a = F/m = 20/20
a = 1m/s2
Newton’s third law of motion
To every action there is an equal but
opposite reaction.

i.e. If object A exerts a force on object B

(action), then object B will exert an equal
but opposite force on object A (reaction).

Examples: firing gun, hammering a nail,

book kept on a table and launching
rocket.
Friction
Friction is the force which opposes motion. i.e.,
stopping
force.
It always acts opposite to the direction of travel.

Friction can be reduced by adding lubricants.

e.g. lubricating oil, grease.
Cause of friction
Molecules in materials have a tendency
to stick to each other when materials
are pressed or rubbed together.

Nature of the surface: rough surfaces

have more friction due to up’s and
down’s which catch each other.
Advantages of friction
Friction helps us to walk
Friction helps us to hold the objects
Friction helps us to stop a moving
object.
It helps us to write.
Due to friction of
Disadvantages birds could fly.
friction
Machine parts rub together and
become lose
Shoes and clothes wear and tear
It heats up the moving parts and some
energy is wasted in the form of heat.
Effects of friction on the motion of a
vehicle
Tyre surface
If the vehicle is having more tyre
surface, then the frictional force acting
on it will be more.
If tyre surface of vehicle is less, then
the frictional force acting on it will be
less.
Road conditions
If the road is having rough surface, the
frictional force will be more.

If the road is having smooth surface,

the frictional force will be less.
Thinking distance (How far object travels
just before brake applied.)
If the vehicle is having more tyre surface,
thinking distance will be less.
If the vehicle is having less tyre surface,
thinking distance will be more.
If the road is having rough surface, thinking
distance will less.
If the road is having smooth surface,
thinking distance will be more.
If the vehicle has more mass or loaded,
thinking distance will be more.
If the vehicle has less mass, thinking
distance will be less.
If the vehicle travels with high speed,
Braking distance (How far object travels
after brake applied.)
If the vehicle is having more tyre surface,
braking distance will be less.
If the vehicle is having less tyre surface,
braking distance will be more.
If the road is having rough surface, braking
distance will less.
If the road is having smooth surface, braking
distance will be more
If the vehicle has more mass or loaded,
braking distance will be more.
If the vehicle has less mass, braking distance
will be less.
If the vehicle travels with high speed, braking
Braking force (It is the amount of force applied to
stop the object.)
If the vehicle is having more tyre surface, we have to
apply less braking force to stop the vehicle.
If the vehicle is having less tyre surface, we have to
apply more braking force to stop the vehicle.
If the road is having rough surface, we have to apply
less braking force to stop the vehicle.
If the road is having smooth surface, we have to apply
more braking force to stop the vehicle.
If the vehicle has more mass or loaded, we have to
apply more braking force to stop the vehicle.
If the vehicle has less mass, we have to apply less
braking force to stop the vehicle.
If the vehicle travels with high speed, we have to
apply more braking force to stop the vehicle.
Circular motion
When any object is moving in a circular
path, then the object is in circular
motion.

Objects are moving in circular path due

to constant force acting towards center
of the circle. This force is called
centripetal force.
The centripetal force will increase:
If the mass of the object increased
If the speed of the object increased
If the radius of the circle reduced.

The planets are orbiting around the sun

due to constant gravitational force acting
towards the sun
The satellites are orbiting around the
earth due to constant gravitational force
acting towards the earth.
The electrons are orbiting around the
nucleus due to constant electrostatic
force acting towards nucleus of the atom.
 Centrifugal Force

In the resultant a reactional force is also applied on the body i.e. in opposite to
the centripetal force called as centrifugal force.

Centrifugal force is a force that arises from the body’s inertia and appears to act
on a body that is moving in a circular path which is directed away from the
centre around which the body is moving