PROTECTION AGAINST RADIATION
INCLUDING EFFECT OF TIME DISTANCE
AND SHIELDING
PRESENTED BY :-
INSP Vijay Kumar Jangir
05th BN NDRF
October 14, 2023 1
Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson you will be able to-
1. Define Internal & External Radiation hazards.
2. Describe Exposure Time and its effects.
3. Describe Distance from radioactivity-affected zone.
4. Define Radiation Shielding.
5. Describe Shielding Material used for different kinds of
radiations and their effects.
6. Define HVL & TVL.
October 14, 2023 2
Introduction
Radioactive materials emit radiation, which
have the power to damage living tissues of the
body. If received in large quantity.
The body itself can repair the damage to
the body. If radiation exposure is with in the
certain limit .
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Types of Radiation Hazards
a) External radiation hazard: -
Occurs when the source of radiation is out
side the body.
b) Internal radiation hazard: -
Results when the body is contaminated either
internally or externally with a Radioisotope.
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Exposure of Ionising Radiation
External Exposure
source
Internal Exposure
source
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Radiation Protection Basic Techniques
‘ALARA’ (as low as reasonably achievable) avoiding
exposure to radiation that does not have a direct
benefit to you , even if the does is small
Three basic factors by which external
radiation hazard can be controlled –
(Cardinal Rules)
Time
Distance
Shielding
October 14, 2023 6
Exposure Time
• It is used as safety factor by keeping the time of exposure to a
practically minimum to execute the work. The dose received
by an individual for a given exposure time follows the simple
equation.
Dose rate Х Exposure time = Total Dose
October 14, 2023 7
Distance
The most effective and economical method of reducing
external radiation hazard is to increase the distance
between the radiation source and the person at work.
Intensity of the radiation falls off by the square of
distance from the source. This is known as inverse square
law.
I1D1 = I 2D2
2 2
Where I1 is the radiation intensity at distance D1
I2 is the radiation intensity at Distance D2
October 14, 2023 8
Effect of Distance on Dose Rate
25 mR/hr @ 6 ft 100 mR/hr @ 3 ft
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Shielding
The amount and type of Shielding material required
depend on following factors:-
The type and energy of Radiation
The activity of the source.
The acceptable dose rate outside the shielding.
October 14, 2023 10
Suggested shielding materials
October 14, 2023 11
Neutron Shielding
Combination of polyethnic and boron or lithium also
with graphite and paraffin can also be tested as
neutron shield.
Concrete is an adequate shield if the water content
is at least 7% by weight.
October 14, 2023 12
HVL - (Half value layer)
It is a thickness of a specified substance Which
reduces the intensity of radiation by one half of its
initial value.
HVL = 0.693
μ
12.5
100 1ST 50 2ND 25 3RD
HVL HVL HVL
October 14, 2023 13
TVL - (Tenth value layer)
It is a thickness of a specified substance which
reduces the intensity of radiation by one-tenth (1/10)
of its initial value.
October 14, 2023 14
Selected Gamma ray sources &
their HVL and TVL values
Radio Energies Half-value layer Tenth value layer
nuclide of
gamma
radiation
Concrete Steel Lead Concrete Steel Lead
Cm Cm Cm Cm Cm cm
Cs-137 0.66 4.8 1.6 0.65 15.7 5.3 2.1
Co-60 1.17,1.33 6.2 2.1 1.2 20.6 6.9 4.0
Ir-192 0.13 to 4.3 1.3 0.6 14.7 4.3 2.0
1.06
Ra-226 0.047 to 6.9 2.2 1.66 23.4 7.4 5.5
October 14, 2023 2.4 15
Review
Upon completion of this lesson you are be able to-
1. Define Internal & External Radiation hazards.
2. Describe Exposure Time and its effects.
3. Describe Distance from radioactivity-affected zone.
4. Define Radiation Shielding.
5. Describe Shielding Material used for different kinds of
radiations and their effects.
6. Define HVL & TVL.
October 14, 2023 16
AN Y
October 14, 2023 17
Evaluation
Q 01. What are the two types of Radiation hazards?
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October 14, 2023 19