Biomedical
instrumentation
PHONOCARDIOGRAPHY
(PCG)
PHONOCARDIOGRAPHY
The technique of listening to sounds produced
by the organs and vessels of the body is called
auscultation .
Phonocardiogram is the recording of
the sounds connected with the
pumping action of the heart .
Phonocardiography is an instrument
used for recording waveforms of the
heart sounds.
Heart sounds
• First heart sound
It Occurs approximately 0.05 second after the onset of QRS complex,
frequency (30 -45Hz) .
Second heart sound
It occurs at 0.03-0.05 second after the end of T wave ,it has frequency (50-70
Hz) , duration 25 to 50 m sec
• Third Heart sound
It starts 0.12 –0.18 second after the onset of second heart sound Frequency
is below [Link] duration is 0.1to 0.2sec.
Fourth heart sound
It start 0.12-0.8 second after one set of P wave ,the duration is 0.03 to 0.06
second, frequency 10-50Hz .
Heart sounds
Basic heart sounds
Heart sounds
Murmurs
It occurs in abnormal hearts sounds in 100 -
600Hz
Causes of murmurs are
1. High velocity blood
2. Regurgitation which results when the valves
do not close completely and allow some
backward flow of blood.
3. Small opening in the septum that separates
the left and right sides of the heart.
Heart sounds
Block diagram of (PCG)
Microphone for PCG
Two types of microphones used in phonocardiogram
Crystal microphone
Contains wafer of piezoelectric materials ,which
generate potential when subjected to mechanical
stresses due to heart sound, smaller in size ,high
sensitivity .
Dynamic type microphone
Consists of moving coil having fixed magnetic core
inside it the coils having fixed magnetic core inside it
the coils moves with heart sound and produce a
voltage because of interaction of a magnetic flux .
The microphones are located at different areas shown
in the figure below
PCG sound locations
Amplifiers for PCG
The response characteristics for PCG amplifiers as
follows:
1. Frequency range of about 20 to 2000 Hz
2. High gain and excellent compensation.
The amplifier circuits contains :
1. Two stages gain amplifier
2. Capacitors at output.
As shown in the figure
Amplifiers for PCG
Amplifiers for PCG
The preamplifier has two stages with gain 20
and 50 so that total gain is 1000.
The gain is varied through potentiometer.
The shunt capacitance in the output and the
feedback loop capacitance of the second
stage limit the response from 10Hz to
1000Hz.
The amplifier must have wide bandwidth with
frequency range of about 20 to 2000Hz
Filter for PCG
The high pass filters are used for heart
sounds is high pass filters with :
• Gradual slope
• Sharper slopes
Readout device for PCG
The readout is high frequency device
recorder
1. Chart recorder or oscilloscope
2. Photographic or light-galvanometer
recorders
3. Optical or high velocity ink jet recorder.
4. Digital recorders such as the electrostatic
recorder or the thermal recorder
5. Fans ,air conditioner and other sound noise
results in artifacts on reading .
Magnetocardiograp
hy
Magnetocardiography
•Magnetocardiography (MCG) is a technique to
measure the magnetic fields produced by
electrical activity in the heart.
•Vortex current in the myocardium produce
magnetic signature that are not visible on the
ECG and detected by MCG. MCG generating
during ventricular repolarization (T-wave)
Magnetocardiography
MCG Using sensitive devices such as the
superconducting quantum interference
devices . (SQUID).
Sensors types in MCG
• Sensors include liquid helium cooled have
been used . Detectors types
1. An array of sensitive magnetometers
detectors
2. Magnetoresistance detectors have also been
developed .
Magnetocardiography