Fluids
PL Masiteng
Outline
• Phases of Matter
• Density and Specific Gravity
• Pressure in Fluids
• Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure
• Pascal’s Principle
• Measurement of Pressure; Gauges and the Barometer
• Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle
• Fluids in Motion; Flow Rate and the Equation of Continuity
• Bernoulli’s Equation
• Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle: Torricelli, Airplanes, Baseballs, TIA
outcome
Describe the following
• mass density,
• pressure,
• static fluids
Apply the principles of
• Archimedes
• Pascal
• Bernoulli
Phases of Matter
The three common phases of matter are
solid, liquid, and gas.
• A solid has a definite shape and size.
• A liquid has a fixed volume but can be any shape.
• A gas can be any shape and also can be easily compressed.
Fluid mechanics deals with the study of all fluids under static and dynamic
situations
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Fluid
A material which has the ability to flow
• Liguids
• Gas
In this chapter you will be introduced to properties of fluids.
Density
Pressure
Mass Density
DEFINITION OF MASS DENSITY
The mass density of a substance is the mass of a
substance divided by its volume:
m
V
SI Unit of Mass Density: kg/m3
Mass Density can also be : g/cm3
Thus the mass of a homogeneous body of
material of volume V is given by m = pV.
W= mg
W=pVg
11.1 Mass Density
Exercise
Osmium is a very dense metal. What is its density in g/cm3
if
50.00 g of the metal occupies a volume of 2.22cm3?
Learning Check 1
= 𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟐
𝟓𝟎.𝟎𝟎
𝒅 =𝑽
𝒎
𝒈
𝟐.𝟐𝟐
= 𝒄𝒎𝟑 𝒈/𝒄𝒎𝟑
Exercise
1. The mass of silver is 200 g and its volume is 40.5 cm3.
Calculate density of silver in g/cm3
Calculate density of silver in kg/m3
2. If
you tried to smuggle gold bricks by filling your back-pack, whose dimensions
are 56 cm x 28 cm x 22 cm,calculate its mass. (density of gold).
3. The ice on a lake is 0.010 m thick. The lake is circular, with a radius of 480 m.
Find the mass of the ice
m V 19.3 103 kg m 3 0.56 m 0.28 m 0.22 m 670 kg 1500 lb
m V ( r 2 )d (917 kg/m3 ) (480 m)2 (0.010 m) 6.6 106 kg
Why Do Things Float?
Things (whether solid, liquid or gas) with
LESS density will float in a liquid with
GREATER density.
For example, this is why a stone (with HIGH
density) will sink in water (LOW density), but
a cork (LOW density) will float in water.
DENSITY
Relative density: is the ratio of the density (mass of
a unit volume) of a substance to the density of a given
reference material.
Density of silver= 10500 kg/m3
Density of water= 1000 kg/m3
If RD < 1, then the substance is less dense than water and
would float.
If RD= 1, the density is the same as water.
If RD >1, the density is greater than that of water and the
substance would sink.
Density
Calculate the RD of the following
(water) = 1.000 x103 kg/m3
(ice) = 0.917 x103 kg/m3
(air) = 1.29 kg/m3
(Hg) = 13.6 x103 kg/m3
11.1 Mass Density
Example 1 Blood as a Fraction of Body Weight
The body of a man whose weight is 690 N contains about
5.2x10-3 m3 of blood. Density of blood= 1060 kg/m3
(a) Find the blood’s weight
(b) express it as a percentage of the body weight
.
11.1 Mass Density
m V 5.2 10 3 m 3 1060 kg m 3 5.5 kg
(a)
W mg 5.5 kg 9.80 m s 2 54 N
54 N
(b) Percentage 100% 7.8%
690 N
11.2 Pressure
F
P
A
SI Unit of Pressure: 1 N/m2 = 1Pa
Pascal
P F / A
Exercise
1. [Link] airtight box has a removable lid of area of 1.3 x 10-2 m2 and negligible weight.
The box is taken up a mountain where the air pressure outside the box is 0.85 x 105
N/m2. The inside of the box is completely evacuated. What is the magnitude of the
force required to pull the lid off the box?
2. F=60N
A= 2 m2
P?
3. F= 100 N
A= 0.1 m2
P?
solution
P F / A
F (0.85 105 N/m 2 )(1.3 10 –2 m 2 ) 1.1103 N
13-3 Pressure in Fluids
The pressure at a depth h below the surface of the liquid is due to the weight of the liquid
above it. We can quickly calculate:
This relation is valid for any liquid
whose density does not change with
depth.
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Exercise
Calculate the pressure needed to raise a column of
water to the same height as a 35 m tall oak tree.
Density of water= 1000 kg/m3
P gh 1000 9.80 m s 2 35 m 3.4 10 5
N m 2 3.4 atm
13-4 Atmospheric Pressure
and Gauge Pressure
Most pressure gauges measure the pressure above the atmospheric pressure—this is called
the gauge pressure.
The absolute pressure is the sum of the atmospheric pressure and the gauge pressure.
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Exercise
Determine the total force and the absolute pressure on the bottom
of a swimming pool 28.0 m by 8.5 m whose uniform depth is 1.8 m.
Density of water= 1000 kg/m3
Atmospheric pressure= 1.013x105 N/m2
solution
P P0 gh 1.013 105 N m 2 1.00 10 3 kg m 3 9.80 m s 2 1.8 m
1.189 105 N m 2 1.2 105 N m 2
F PA 1.189 105 N m 2 28.0 m 8.5 m 2.8 10 N
7
HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
Application of Pascal’s Principle
Pressure applied to a confined liquid is
transmitted, without loss, throughout
the entire liquid and to the walls of the
container
This Principle is illustrated by the
Hydraulic Press
P1 P2
F1 F2
A1 A2
11.5 Pascal’s Principle
PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE
Any change in the pressure applied
to a completely enclosed fluid is transmitted
undiminished to all parts of the fluid and
enclosing walls.
If an external pressure is applied to a confined fluid,
the pressure at every point within the fluid increases
by that amount.
11.5 Pascal’s Principle
P2 P1 g 0 m
F2 F1
A2 A1
A2
F2 F1
A1
11.5 Pascal’s Principle
Example 7 A Car Lift
The input piston has a radius of 0.0120 m
and the output plunger has a radius of
0.150 m.
The combined weight of the car and the
plunger is 20500 N. Suppose that the input
piston has a negligible weight and the bottom
surfaces of the piston and plunger are at
the same level. What is the required input
force?
11.5 Pascal’s Principle
A2
F2 F1
A1
0.0120 m 2
F2 20500 N 131 N
0.150 m 2
Exercise
In the process of changing a flat tire, a motorist uses a
hydraulic jack. She begins by applying a force of 45 N to
the input piston, which has a radius r1. As a result, the
output plunger, which has a radius r2, applies a force to
the car. The ratio r2/r1 has a value of 8.3. Ignore the
height difference between the input piston and output
plunger and determine the force that the output plunger
applies to the car.
solution
F2 A2
F1 A1
Substituting A1 r12 and A2 r22 , we find that
2
F2 r22 r 2
or F2 F1 2 45 N 8.3 3100 N
F1 r12 r
1
Exercise
A dentist’s chair with a patient in it weighs 2100 N. The output plunger of a
hydraulic system begins to lift the chair when the dentist’s foot applies a
force of 55 N to the input piston. Neglect any height difference between the
plunger and the piston. What is the ratio of the radius of the plunger to the
radius of the piston?
Solution
A2 F2 r22 F2
or
A1 F1 r 1
2
F1
r2 F2 2100 N
6.2
r1 F1 55 N
Measurement of Pressure; Gauges and
the Barometer
This is a mercury barometer, developed by Torricelli to
measure atmospheric pressure.
The height of the column of mercury is such that the
pressure in the tube at the surface level is 1 atm.
Therefore, pressure is often quoted in millimeters (or
inches) of mercury.
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Education, Inc.
Example
Take the relative density of mercury as 13.6, calculate
the air pressure in kPa if the barometer is 760 mm Hg.
P= phg
= 13.6 x 1000 x 0.76 x 9.6
=101.3 x 103 Pa
= 101.3 kPa
Tutorial
1. Determine the mass of top soil with a density of 1 300 kg.m-3 to cover 3 ha land,
130 mm deep.
2. Calculate the pressure due to the water at the bottom of a dam.
3. Calculate the pressure needed to raise a column of water to the same height as a
35 m tall oak tree.
4. Calculate the atmospheric pressure of the barometer reading 780 mmHg in kPa.
5. The mass of gold is 300 g and its volume is 30.5 cm3.
i) Calculate density of silver in g/cm 3.
ii) Calculate density of silver in kg/m 3.
6. A hydraulic lift has cylinder A with a diameter of 3.0 m and cylinder B has a
diameter of 3.5 m and a force of 30 N, which is applied to the piston in cylinder A,
calculate the lifting force in cylinder B
11.6 Archimedes’ Principle
ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE
Any fluid applies a buoyant force to an object that is partially
or completely immersed in it; the magnitude of the buoyant
force equals the weight of the fluid that the object displaces:
F Wfluid
B
Magnitudeof Weight of
buoyantforce displacedfluid
Buoyant force
The upward force experience by a body when partially or entirely immersed in a fluid.
Buoyant force
When an object pushes water-, the water pushes back with as much
force as it can.
If the water can push back as hard, the object float ( e.g boat).
W= mg g= 9.8 ms2
Object sinks if W › B (negative buoyancy)
Object floats B › W (positive buoyancy)
FB= W
W=mg
m= PV
FB=PgV
Buoyant force
Buoyancy and Archimedes’
Principle
This is an object submerged in a fluid. There is a net force on the object because the
pressures at the top and bottom of it are different.
The buoyant force is found to be the upward
force on the same volume of water:
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11.6 Archimedes’ Principle
P2 P1 gh
FB P2 A P1 A P2 P1 A
V hA
FB ghA
V g
FB
mass of
displaced
fluid
Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle
Archimedes’ principle:
The buoyant force on an object immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by that
object.
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Education, Inc.
Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle
For a floating object, the fraction that is submerged is given by the ratio of the
object’s density to that of the fluid.
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Education, Inc.
11.6 Archimedes’ Principle
If the object is floating then the
magnitude of the buoyant force
is equal to the magnitude of its
weight.
11.6 Archimedes’ Principle
Example 9 A Swimming Raft
The raft is made of solid square
pinewood.
Determine
a) Whether the raft floats in water
i) Calculate the Fb of water
Ii) Weight of Wood
b) how much of the raft is beneath
the surface (h).
The density of wood is 550 kg/m3
Water is 1000 kg/m3. FB ghA
W=mg
m= PV
11.6 Archimedes’ Principle
Vraft 4.0 m 4.0 m 0.30 m 4.8 m
FBmax Vg waterVwater g
1000 kg m 3 4.8m 3 9.80 m s 2
47000 N
11.6 Archimedes’ Principle
Wraft mraft g pineVraft g
550 kg m 3 4.8m 3 9.80 m s 2
26000 N 47000 N
The raft floats!
11.6 Archimedes’ Principle
If the raft is floating:
Wraft FB
26000 N waterVwater g
26000 N 1000 kg m 3 4.0 m 4.0 m h 9.80 m s 2
26000 N
h 0.17 m
1000 kg m 4.0 m 4.0 m 9.80 m s
3
2
11.6 Archimedes’ Principle
If the raft is floating:
Wraft FB
26000 N waterVwater g
FB ghA
26000 N 1000 kg m 4.0 m 4.0 m h 9.80 m s
3 2
26000 N
h 0.17 m
1000 kg m 4.0 m 4.0 m 9.80 m s
3 2
1. A 0.10 - m × 0.20 - m × 0.30 - m block is suspended
from a wire and is completely under water. Calculate
buoyant force acting on the block.(density of water 1000
kg/m3).
2. A duck is floating on a lake with 25% of its volume beneath the
water. What is the average density of the duck?
solution
F waterV g (1.00 103 kg/m3 )(0.10 m 0.20 m 0.30 m)(9.80 m/s 2 ) 59 N
duck 1
4
water 1
4 1.00 103 kg/m3 250 kg/m3
11.7 Fluids in Motion
In steady flow the velocity of the fluid particles at any point is constant
as time passes.
Unsteady flow exists whenever the velocity of the fluid particles at a
point changes as time passes.
Turbulent flow is an extreme kind of unsteady flow in which the velocity
of the fluid particles at a point change erratically in both magnitude and
direction.
11.7 Fluids in Motion
Fluid flow can be compressible or incompressible.
Most liquids are nearly incompressible.
Fluid flow can be viscous or nonviscous.
An incompressible, nonviscous fluid is called an ideal fluid.
Incompressible- A fluids in which the density of the liquid remains constant as the pressure changes
Compressible: are the fluids with variable density
viscous: A fluid that does not flow readily (honey)
Nonviscous: fluids that have no resistance or negligible resistance to internal friction
Fluids in Motion; Flow Rate
and the Equation of Continuity
If the density doesn’t change—typical for liquids—this simplifies to A1v1 = A2v2.
Where the pipe is wider, the flow is slower.
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11.8 The Equation of Continuity
The mass of fluid per second that flows through a tube is called
the mass flow rate.
11.8 The Equation of Continuity
m V A vt
distance
m2 m1
2 A2 v2 1 A1v1
t t
11.8 The Equation of Continuity
EQUATION OF CONTINUITY
The mass flow rate has the same value at every position along a
tube that has a single entry and a single exit for fluid flow.
1 A1v1 2 A2 v2
SI Unit of Mass Flow Rate: kg/s
11.8 The Equation of Continuity
Incompressible fluid: A1v1 A2 v2
Volume flow rate Q: Q Av
Example
A water line with an internal radius of is connected to a shower head that has 12
holes. The speed of the water in the line is 1.2 m/s. What is the volume flow rate in the line?
Q Av ( r 2 )v (0.0065 m) 2 (1.2 m/s) 1.6 10 –4 m3 / s
11.8 The Equation of Continuity
Example 12 A Garden Hose
A garden hose has an unobstructed opening
with a cross sectional area of 2.85x10-4m2.
It fills a bucket with a volume of 8.00x10-3m3
in 30 seconds.
Find the speed of the water that leaves the hose
through (a) the unobstructed opening
(b) an obstructed
opening with half as much area.
11.8 The Equation of Continuity
Q Av
(a)
Q 8.00 10 3 m 3 30.0 s
v 0.936 m s
-4 2
A 2.85 10 m
(b) A1v1 A2 v2
A1
v2 v1 2 0.936 m s 1.87 m s
A2
Bernoulli’s Equation
Bernoulli’s principle:
Where the velocity of a
fluid is high, the pressure is
low, and where the velocity
is low, the pressure is high.
This makes sense, as a force is required to
accelerate the fluid to a higher velocity.
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11.9 Bernoulli’s Equation
The fluid accelerates toward the According to the pressure-depth
lower pressure regions. relationship, the pressure is lower
at higher levels, provided the area
of the pipe does not change.
11.9 Bernoulli’s Equation
P2 P1 V 12 mv12 mgy1 12 mv22 mgy2
P2 P1 12 v12 gy1 12 v22 gy2
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
In steady flow of a nonviscous, incompressible fluid, the pressure, the
fluid speed, and the elevation at two points are related by:
P1 12 v12 gy1 P2 12 v22 gy2
p = fluid density
g = acceleration due to gravity
P_{1} = pressure at elevation 1
v_{1} = velocity at elevation 1
h_{1} = height of elevation 1
P_{2} = pressure at elevation 2
v_{2} = velocity at elevation 2
h_{2} = height at elevation 2
11.10 Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation
Exercise
Water is circulating through a closed system of pipes in a two-floor apartment. On the
first floor, the water has a gauge pressure of and a speed of 2.1 m/s.
However, on the second floor, which is 4.0 m higher, the speed of the water is 3.7
m/s. The speeds are different because the pipe diameters are different. What is the
gauge pressure of the water on the second floor?
Solution
P2 P1 v12 v22 g y1 y2
1
2
3.4 105 Pa
1
2 1.00 103 kg/m3 2.1 m/s 2 3.7 m/s 2
1.00 103 kg/m3 9.80 m/s 2 0 m 4.0 m 3.0 105 Pa
11.10 Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation
11.10 Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation
11.10 Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation
Example 16 Efflux Speed
The tank is open to the atmosphere at
the top. Find and expression for the speed
of the liquid leaving the pipe at
the bottom.
11.10 Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation
P1 P2 Patm
v2 0
P1 12 v12 gy1 P2 12 v22 gy2
y2 y1 h
1
2 v12 gh
v1 2 gh
A water tank is filled with water and has an outlet pipe with a faucet (tap) at the bottom, as shown in the
diagram.
How do the pressures at A and B compare, when the faucet at the end of B is CLOSED, and no water
flows from the pipe?
(a) P A < PB
(b) PA > PB
(c) PA = PB
(d) It depends on the diameter of the outlet pipe.
(e) None of above
8. Refer to the previous diagram. How do the pressures at A and B compare, when the faucet at the end
of B is OPEN, and water flows from the pipe?
(a) P A < PB
(b) PA > PB
(c) PA = PB
(d) It depends on the diameter of the outlet pipe.
(e) None of above
8. A garden hose was previously cut at its center and has been repaired by splicing a short length of hose
with a smaller diameter into the break, as indicated in the diagram. When the hose carries water the
speed in the small middle section of the repaired hose at point B, compared to the speed at point A, is:
(a) Higher
(b) Lower
(c) The same
(d) None of the above
9. Refer to the previous diagram. When the hose carries water the pressure in the small middle section of
the repaired hose at point B, compared to the pressure at point A, is:
(a) Higher
(b) Lower
(c) The same
(d) None of the above
8. Oil is flowing through a pipeline at a constant speed when it encounters a vertical upward bend in the
pipe. The cross-sectional area does not change. How do the pressures at A and B compare?
(a) PA < P B
(b) PA > P B
(c) PA = P B
(d) All are correct
9. Water is flowing down through the pipe shown in the diagram. Point A is at a higher elevation than B
and C. The cross-sectional areas at A and B are the same, but for C it is bigger. How do the pressures
as A, B and C compare?
(a) PA > PB > PC
(b) PC > PB > PA
(c) PB > PC > PA
(d) PA > PB = PC
(e) PA < PB = PC
Exercise
1. The ice on a lake is 0.010 m thick. The lake is circular, with a radius of 480 m. Find the mass of the ice.
2. Accomplished silver workers in India can pound silver into incredibly thin sheets, as thin as
(about onehundredth of the thickness of this sheet of paper). Find the area of such a sheet that can be formed from
1.00 kg of silver
3. The karat is a dimensionless unit that is used to indicate the proportion of gold in a gold -containing alloy. An alloy
that is one karat gold contains a weight of pure gold that is one part in twenty-four. What is the volume of gold in a
14.0-karat gold necklace whose weight is 1.27 N?
4. The main water line enters a house on the first floor. The line has a gauge pressure of . (a) A
faucet on the second floor, 6.50 m above the first floor, is turned off. What is the gauge pressure at this faucet? (b)
How high could a faucet be before no water would flow from it, even if the faucet were open?
5. At a given instant, the blood pressure in the heart is . If an artery in the brain is 0.45 m above the
heart, what is the pressure in the artery? Ignore any pressure changes due to blood flow.
solutions
P = P1 - P2 = (1/2)rv22 - (1/2)rv12 = (1/2)(1.29 kg/m3)[(8.5 m/s)2 - (1.1 m/s)2]
DP = 46 Pa
P2 P1 v12 v22 g y1 y2
1
2
3.4 105 Pa
1
2 1.00 103 kg/m3 2.1 m/s 2 3.7 m/s 2
1.00 103 kg/m3 9.80 m/s 2 0 m 4.0 m 3.0 105 Pa
Summary
•3 Phases of matter: solid, liquid, gas
• Liquids and gases are called fluids. they have ability to flow
• Density is mass per unit volume.
• Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of the material to that of
water.
• Pressure is force per unit area.
• Pressure at a depth h is ρgh.
• Pascal’s principle: External pressure applied to a confined fluid is
transmitted throughout the fluid.
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Summary
•Atmospheric pressure is measured with a barometer.
• Gauge pressure is the total pressure minus the atmospheric
pressure.
•Archimedes principle: An object submerged partly or wholly in a
fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid it
displaces.
• Fluid flow can be laminar or turbulent.
• Equation of continuity: The product of the cross-sectional area
and the speed is constant for horizontal flow.
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Summary
•Bernoulli’s principle: Where the velocity of a fluid is high, the
pressure is low, and vice versa.
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