E-COMMERCE AND MANAGEMENT INFORMATION

SYSTEMS

EMA 5752

e-Government & the World Wide Web

Dr. Maria Goyayi

Email: mgoyayi@[Link]
World Wide Service – Web Service
World Wide Web (WWW)
• The World Wide Web (WWW), commonly known as
the Web
• It is an information space where documents and other
web resources can be accessed through the Internet
using a browser.
• The leading information retrieval service of the Internet
(the worldwide computer network).
• Web resources may be any type of downloadable
media
Web 1.0
• Web 1.0 refers to the first stage of the World Wide Web
evolution.
• Personal web pages were common, consisting mainly of
static pages hosted on ISP-run web servers, or on free web
hosting services.
• Few content creators in Web 1.0 with a huge majority of
users who are consumers of content.
• In Web 1.0 advertisements on websites while surfing the
internet are banned.
Design Essentials of a Web 1.0
[Link] pages
[Link] is served from the server’s file system
[Link] built using Server Side Includes or Common
Gateway Interface (CGI)
[Link] and Tables are used to position and align the
elements on a page
Foundation of the Web 1.0
• HTML: HyperText Markup Language, the markup or
formatting language of the web
• URI or URL: Uniform Resource Identifier or Locator, a
unique address used to identify each resource on the
web
• HTTP: HyperText Transfer Protocol, which allows for
the retrieval of linked resources from across the web
Web 2.0
• Marked a paradigm shift in how the internet is used
Worldwide websites which highlight user-generated
content, usability, and interoperability for end user.
Also referred as the participative social web
Facilitates interaction and collaboration in a social media
dialogue as the creator of user-generate content in a
virtual community.
• Web 2.0 is an enhanced version of Web 1.0.
Web 2.0
• “Web 2.0,” targeted at harnessing the power of the Internet
to empower users to collaborate, create resources, and
share information in a distinctly different way from the static
Web sites and transaction-focused storefronts.
• Web 2.0 services
Blogs
Wikis
Social networks
Photo and video sharing sites, and tagging systems
 Features of Web 2.0
[Link] sorting of information, permits users to retrieve and
classify the information collectively.
[Link] content that is responsive to user input.
[Link] flows between the site owner and site users by
means of evaluation & online commenting.
[Link] APIs to allow self-usage, such as by a software
application.
[Link] access leads to concern different, from the traditional
Internet user base to a wider variety of users.
Wikis
• A wiki is a Web site anyone can edit directly within a
Web browser (provided the site grants the user edit
access).
• Wikis can indeed be one of the speediest ways to
collaboratively create content online.
• Many popular online wikis serve as a shared
knowledge repository in some domain
• The largest and most popular wiki is Wikipedia
Questions
1. Do you feel that you can trust content in
wikis? Do you feel this content is more or less
reliable than content in print encyclopedias?
Than the content in newspaper articles? Why?

2. Would you cite Wikipedia as a reference when

writing an academic paper? Why or why not?
Blogs
• Blogs (short for Web logs) - medium for posting online
diaries.
• The most popular blogs offer cutting-edge news and
commentary, with postings running the gamut from
professional publications to personal diaries.
• The most popular blogs offer cutting-edge news and
commentary, with postings running the gamut from
professional publications to personal diaries.
Question

1. Are blog comment fields useful? If so, to whom or

how? What is the risk associated with allowing users
to comment on blog posts? How should a blogger deal
with comments that they don’t agree with?

2. Why would a corporation, an executive, a news outlet,

or a college student want to blog? What are the
benefits? What are the concerns?
Electronic Social Networks
• The use of internet-based social media sites to stay
connected with friends, family, colleagues, customers, or
clients.
• Established networks grow and innovate, new networks
emerge, and value is demonstrated
• Social networking can have a social purpose, a business
purpose, or both, through sites like Facebook, Twitter,
LinkedIn, and Instagram.
Questions
1. How are organizations using social networks? What
advantages do they gain from these systems?
2. What factors might cause an individual, employee,
or firm to be cautious in their use of social
networks?
3. Why are some social networks more popular in
some nations than others?
Microblogging
• Microblogging is a combination of blogging and instant
messaging that allows users to create short messages to
be posted and shared with an audience online.
• These short messages can come in the form of a variety
of content formats including text, images, video, audio,
and hyperlinks
Questions
• Assume the role of a manager for your firm. Advocate
how the organization should leverage Twitter and other
forms of social media. Provide examples of effective use,
and cautionary tales, to back up your recommendation.

• Why would someone choose to use Twitter over

Facebook’s status update, or other services? Which (if
either) do you prefer and why?
Web 3.0
• Web 2.0 and Web 3.0 refer to successive iterations of the
web, compared with the original Web 1.0 of the 1990s and
early 2000s.
• Web 3.0 represents the next iteration or phase of the
evolution of the web/internet and potentially could be as
disruptive and represent as big a paradigm shift as Web 2.0
did.
• Web 3.0 is built upon the core concepts of decentralization,
openness, and greater user utility.
Features of Web 3.0
• Decentralization: In Web 2.0, computers use HTTP in the form of
unique web addresses to find information, which is stored at a fixed
location, generally on a single server. In Web 3.0, information would
be found based on its content, hence the possibility for copies to be
stored in multiple locations simultaneously breaking down the need
for massive databases currently held by giants Google and Meta and
thus greater control to users.
• With Web 3.0, the data generated by different and increasingly
powerful computing resources, including mobile phones, desktops,
appliances, vehicles, and sensors, will be sold by users through
decentralized data networks, ensuring that users retain ownership
control.
Features of Web 3.0
• Trustless and permissionless: In addition to decentralization and
being based upon open source software, Web 3.0 will also be trustless
and permissionless.
Trustless: - the network will allow participants to interact directly without
going through a trusted intermediary)
Permissionless:- meaning that anyone can participate without authorization
from a governing body).
• Web 3.0 applications will run on blockchains or decentralized peer-to-
peer networks, or a combination thereof—such decentralized apps
are referred to as dApps.
Features of Web 3.0
• Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning: In Web 3.0, through
technologies based upon Semantic Web Concepts and natural language
processing computers will be able to understand information similarly
to humans.
• Web 3.0 will also use machine learning, which is a branch of artificial
intelligence (AI) that uses data and algorithms to imitate how humans
learn, gradually improving its accuracy.
• In Web 3.0 computers will be enabled to produce faster and more
relevant results in a host of areas like drug development and new
materials, as opposed to merely targeted advertising that forms the
bulk of current efforts.
Features of Web 3.0
• Connectivity and ubiquity: With Web 3.0, information and content
are more connected and ubiquitous, accessed by multiple
applications and with an increasing number of everyday devices
connected to the web—one example of which is the Internet of
Things.

• What are the potentials and pitfalls of Web 3.0?

• Brings with it significant legal and regulatory risks.
• Makes regulation and enforcement very difficult; for example, which
country’s laws would apply to a specific website whose content is hosted in
numerous nations globally?
Summary
• Web 2.0 and Web 3.0 represent successive, advanced iterations of the
original Web 1.0 of the 1990s and early 2000s.
• Web 2.0 is the current version of the web with which we are all
familiar, while Web 3.0 represents its next phase, which will be
decentralized, open, and of greater utility
• Innovations such as smartphones, mobile internet access, and social
networks have driven the exponential growth of Web 2.0
• Features of Web 3.0 include decentralization; trustlessness and
permissionlessness; artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning;
and connectivity and ubiquity.
Business Process Integration
Business Process Integration (BPI)
• BPI is the synchronization of a company's internal operations with
those of its other divisions and its trading partners by connecting
disparate systems in real-time.
• Business processes refer to sets of logically related activities for
accomplishing a specific business result or the unique ways in which
organizations and management coordinate these activities.
• Business processes can be a source of
• competitive strength if it enables efficiency and effectiveness over and
above competitors
• Liabilities if they are based on outdated ways of working that impede
organizational responsiveness and efficiency
Business Process Integration (BPI)
• Business processes are cross-functional, transcending the boundaries
between different functional areas.
• Business processes linked together are described in terms of activities
or Workflows
• BPI solutions allow enterprises to take advantage of systems that are
already in place by automating and managing the business processes
that span these systems.
• With BPI, enterprises can preserve major investments in legacy
systems thereby avoiding the expense of having to write additional
code to replicate existing functionality.
 Business Process Integration
• An effective business integration process model should help organizations with
the following issues:
Process Gaps: Business Process Management (BPM) integration reduces delays or errors.
Business Process Management (BPM) is a discipline involving any combination of modeling,
automation, execution, control, measurement and optimization of business activity flows, in
support of enterprise goals, spanning systems, employees, customers and partners within and
beyond the enterprise boundaries) Holistically, BPM is ideally both a philosophy (i.e a
management approach) a methodology and a technology
Needless Duplication: Business process integration avoids duplication that wastes
resources and may result in data inconsistencies.
Disparate Processes: Gain a better understanding of how different processes
impact each other. Essential knowledge in support of business process
improvement programs.
Real-Time Visibility: Essential to effective business performance management
programs.
Enterprise applications
• Enterprise applications are designed to support
organization-wide process coordination and integration.
• These enterprise applications consist of enterprise systems, supply
chain management systems, customer relationship management
systems, and knowledge management systems.
• Each of these enterprise applications integrates a related set of
functions and business processes to enhance the performance of
the organization as a whole.
• Take advantage of corporate intranets and Web technologies that
enable the efficient transfer of information within the firm and to
partner firms
Enterprise systems
• Enterprise systems, also known as enterprise resource planning
(ERP) systems provides a single information system for organization-
wide coordination and integration of key business processes.
• Fragmented information in different systems which were built around
different functions, business units, and business processes (that do
not “talk” to each other) can seamlessly flow throughout the firm so
that it can be shared by business processes in manufacturing,
accounting, human resources, and other areas.
• Discrete business processes from sales, production, finance, and
logistics can be integrated into company-wide business processes that
flow across organizational levels and functions.
Types of Business Process Integration
• There are 3 different types of business process integrations:
Process Trigger – Event happening in a certain system
triggers a process in your BPM, as with the onboarding
example.
Pull – The data is automatically transferred from any given
system to the BPM, allowing for participants in the process to
make use of it.
Push – Transferring the data from the BPM to a different
system. Example, if the process in question is hiring, it could
be the transfer of the successful candidate’s data to the HRM
system.
Steps to successful BPI
1. Process Identification: A good way to carryout process identification is
by using business process mapping (BPM) tools. These tools use words
and visual layouts to demonstrate typical functions and document
existing processes and assess their ability in achieving the organisation’s
goal.
2. Documenting and Mapping: The first step in BPM is to document an
organization's existing business processes, create flow charts and
indicate their relationships to one another.
After processes have been documented, they can be evaluated and reviewed to
make sure they sufficiently outline the real-time activities of the organization.
Process mapping also makes it easier to pinpoint inefficiencies and areas for
improvement within processes.
Steps to successful BPI… Cont
3. Planning Through Modeling: Create models of the processes that
have been mapped out to illustrate the proposed changes to the
system to be hypothetically implemented.
Allows process owners to see the possible outcomes of a change
and to be able to assess if it adequately addresses the
inefficiencies that may have been identified in the first steps.
Process simulations allow proposed changes to be implemented
in theory and their effects observed and assessed before actual
changes are made.
4. Design, Implementation, and Management: The design and
implementation of BPI help eliminate the need to duplicate data in
different systems and increase the comprehensive efficiency of the
business’s operation.
Electronic Governance
Electronic Governance (e-Governance)
• The application of information and communication
technology (ICT) for providing government services,
exchange of information, transactions, integration of
previously existing services and information portals.
Or
• Public sector’s use of information and communication
technologies with the aim of improving information and
service delivery, encouraging citizen participation in the
decision-making process and making government more
accountable, transparent and effective.
• According to the Council of Europe e-Governance as
refers:
• To the use of electronic technologies in three areas
of public action:
Relations between the public authorities and civil
society
Functioning of the public authorities at all stages of
the democratic process (electronic democracy)
The provision of public services (electronic public
services)
e-Government
• e-Government is the use of Information and
Communication Technologies in public
administrations combined with organisational
change and new skills in order to improve public
services and democratic processes” [EU, 2004].
• Use of ICT for increased government outreach to
the public
e-Government vs e-Governance
• e-Government - use of ICT in government, it facilitates
Greater level of efficiency and effectiveness in government
activities and process.
Enhances quality of public services
Simplifies administrative processes
Improves access to information
Increases communication between various government
agencies.
Strengthen support to public policy
Enables seamless government operations
e-Government vs e-Governance
• e-Governance, refers to the utilization of information and
communication technology (ICT) in governance activities
( i.e. providing government services, disseminating
information and communication activities)
• It is a tool, that makes available various government services
to citizens in a convenient way, such as:
Better provision of government services
Improved interaction with different groups
Citizen empowerment through access to information
Efficient government management
The origin of e-Governance
• Born out of the Internet boom.
• e-Gov started as a practitioner field, basically convening
practitioners struggling to meet the new challenges of the
Internet medium by implementing new systems creatively.
• e-Gov field emerged in the late 1990’s with a focus on in-
house government applications in the areas of defence,
economic monitoring, planning and deployment of ICT to
manage data intensive functions related to elections, census,
tax administration etc
Objectives
• Inclusive government
• Improved citizen services
• Ushering in transparency and accountability
• Improves trust on government
• Reduces Costs of Running a Government
• Citizens’ participation in government and thus enhance
citizen economic and social opportunities
• High operational efficiency
• Improve interface with business and industry.
Pillars of e-Governance
• People - Citizen centricity
• Process – Standardisation, coordination and
inter-operability
• Technology – Computers, Application Software
• Resource – information, skilled personnel, funds
etc
Modes of interaction in e-Governance

• Government to Government (G2G)

• Government to Employees (G2E)
• Government to Citizen (G2C)
• Government to Business (G2B)
Interaction modes of e-Governance
e-Governance evolution
Government’s Roles in ICT Development
1. Promote and build a local ICT industry
2. Prioritize manpower development
3. Set ICT vision and direction
4. Develop ICT Infrastructure & Information structure
5. Stimulate macroeconomic environment
6. Major buyer of ICT solutions & services
Why e-Governance?

1. Improves Public Management

2. Publics Trust
3. Beneficiary to Business
4. Community and Voluntary Sector
 Impact of e-Governance
1. Convenience and Satisfaction
2. Integration and Efficiency
3. Participation
4. Transformation
5. A 'service delivery architecture' underpins the
transformation
6. Better services
7. Cost effectiveness and efficiency
8. Improved reputation
9. Greater participation by people in government
10. Leadership
Summary
• Major trends in e-Government indicate a strong shift towards
customer & citizen centric.
• e-Governance is beyond e-Government. e-Government looks at
services delivery whereas e-Governance focuses on the results or
the outcomes of the services delivered.
• e-Governance involves greater involvement of constituents,
more transparent processes and higher accountability.
• Increasing adoption and usage of ICT remains a challenge and a
priority
• Plenty of opportunities for smart governments, smart
businesses, and smart citizens.
End