Basic Chemistry
QM numbers
Orbital Shapes = Subshells
Orbital Alignments
Orbitals within a subshell differ mainly in
orientation.
Electronic Configuration
Aufbau principle
Pauli Exclusion Principle
Hund’s Rule
Chemical Equations
Chemical equations are concise
representations of chemical reactions.
Chemical Reactions & Chemical Equations
• Chemical reaction: a process in which a substance or
substances change into one or more new substances.
Hydrogen gas combusts in the presence of oxygen gas to form water.
• Chemical equation: a description of a chemical
reaction using chemical symbols to show what
happens during the reaction. BALANCE the
equation to show
2 H2 + O2 2 H2O conservation of mass
REACTANTS: PRODUCTS:
Starting compounds; Resulting compounds;
what you start with what you end up with
A process in which one or more substances is changed into one
or more new substances is a chemical reaction
A chemical equation uses chemical symbols to show what
happens during a chemical reaction
3 ways of representing the reaction of H 2 with O2 to form H2O
reactants products
What is in a Chemical Equation?
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
Reactants appear on the left
side of the equation.
What is in a Chemical Equation?
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
Products appear on the right
side of the equation.
What is in a Chemical Equation?
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
The states of the reactants and products are written in
parentheses to the right of each compound.
(g) = gas; (l) = liquid; (s) = solid;
(aq) = in aqueous solution
What is in a Chemical Equation?
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
Coefficients are inserted to balance the equation to
follow the law of conservation of mass.
Chemical Equations: Additional Information
2HgO (s) 2Hg (l) + O2 (g)
(g), (l), (s): shows physical state of reactant or
product; i. e., whether reactant or product is a
gas (g), liquid (l), or solid (s)
STOICHIOMETRIC COEFFICIENTS: show
number of moles of reactant or product
Chemical Equations: Additional Information
KBr (aq) + AgNO3 (aq) KNO3 (aq) + AgBr (aq)
(aq): shows that a reactant or product is
dissolved in H2O; i. e., the reactant or product is
in aqueous solution
How to “Read” Chemical Equations
2 Mg + O2 2 MgO
2 atoms Mg + 1 molecule O2 makes 2 formula units MgO
2 moles Mg + 1 mole O2 makes 2 moles MgO
48.6 grams Mg + 32.0 grams O2 makes 80.6 g MgO
IS NOT
2 grams Mg + 1 gram O2 makes 2 g MgO
Interpretation of a Chemical Equation
2 H2 + O2 2 H 2O
Two molecules + one molecule two molecules
Two moles + one mole two moles
(2)(2.02 g) = 4.04 g + 32.00 g (2)(18.02 g) = 36.04 g
36.04 g of reactants 36.04 g of products
Balancing Chemical Equations
Write chemical equations to describe reactions
carried out in the laboratory or other venues.
We know the reactants’ identities, but may need
to establish identities of products via further research, etc.
When identities of reactants and products are established,
we can write their formulas. Still, the number of atoms of
each element must be the same on both sides of the
equation to adhere to the Laws of Conservation
of Matter and Mass.
Thus, we must BALANCE the chemical equation!
Why Do We Add Coefficients Instead of
Changing Subscripts to Balance?
Balancing Chemical Equations
1. Write the correct formula(s) for the reactants on
the left side and the correct formula(s) for the
product(s) on the right side of the equation.
Ethane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water
C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O
2. Change the numbers in front of the formulas
(coefficients) to make the number of atoms of
each element the same on both sides of the
equation. Do not change the subscripts.
2C2H6 NOT C4H12
Balancing Chemical Equations
3. Start by balancing those elements that appear in
only one reactant and one product.
C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O start with C or H but not O
2 carbon 1 carbon multiply CO2 by 2
on left on right
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + H2O
6 hydrogen 2 hydrogen
multiply H2O by 3
on left on right
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O
Balancing Chemical Equations
4. Balance those elements that appear in two or
more reactants or products.
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O multiply O2 by 7
2
2 oxygen 4 oxygen + 3 oxygen = 7 oxygen
on left (2x2) (3x1) on right
C2H6 + 7 O2 remove fraction
2CO2 + 3H2O
2 multiply both sides by 2
2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O
Balancing Chemical Equations
5. Check to make sure that you have the same
number of each type of atom on both sides of the
equation.
2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O
12 H (2 x 6) 12 H (6 x 2)
4 C (2 x 2) 4C
14 O (7 x 2) 14 O (4 x 2 + 6)
Reactants Products
4C 4C
12 H 12 H
14 O 14 O
Types of Reactions
24
Chemical reactions can be classified as
• Combination reactions
• Decomposition reactions
• Single replacement reactions
• Double replacement reactions
• Combustion reactions
Combination Reactions
25
In a combination reaction,
• two or more elements form one product
• or simple compounds combine to form one product
2Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO(s)
2Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2NaCl(s)
SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq)
Decomposition Reaction
26
In a decomposition reaction, one substance splits into
two or more simpler substances.
2HgO(s) 2Hg(l) + O2(g)
2KClO3(s) 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)
Single Replacement Reaction
27
In a single replacement reaction, one element takes the
place of a different element in another reacting compound.
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Double Replacement Reaction
28
In a double replacement, two elements in the reactants
exchange places.
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
ZnS(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2S(g)
Combustion Reaction
29
In a combustion reaction,
• a carbon-containing compound burns in oxygen gas
to form carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O)
• energy is released as a product in the form of heat
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) + energy
Molar Mass
• A molar mass is the mass of
1 mol of a substance (i.e., g/mol).
• The molar mass of an
element is the atomic
weight for the element
from the periodic table.
If it is diatomic, it is twice
that atomic weight.
• The formula weight (in
amu’s) will be the same
number as the molar mass
(in g/mol).
Percent Composition of a Chemical Compound
% composition of an element =
(n)(molar mass of element)
------------------------------------ x 100
molar mass of compound
• Useful for verification of purity of compounds for research, etc.
Percent composition of an element in a compound =
n x molar mass of element
x 100%
molar mass of compound
n is the number of moles of the element in 1 mole
of the compound
2 x (12.01 g)
%C = x 100% = 52.14%
46.07 g
6 x (1.008 g)
%H = x 100% = 13.13%
46.07 g
1 x (16.00 g)
%O = x 100% = 34.73%
46.07 g
C2H6O 52.14% + 13.13% + 34.73% = 100.0%
3.5
What would a mole of any substance look like?
WHAT
IS
MOLE
?
Avogadro’s Number
• In a lab, we cannot
work with individual
molecules. They are
too small.
• 6.02 × 1023 atoms or
molecules is an
amount that brings
us to lab size. It is
ONE MOLE.
Mole Relationships
• One mole of atoms, ions, or molecules contains
Avogadro’s number of those particles.
• One mole of molecules or formula units contains
Avogadro’s number times the number of atoms or
ions of each element in the compound. Stoichiometry
1 mole of 12C atoms = 12.00 g of 12C atoms
1 mole of 12C atoms = 6.022 x 1023 atoms of 12C
6.022 x 1023 atoms of 12C = 12.00 g of 12C
What is the mass(in grams) of one ATOM of 12C?
Using Moles
Moles provide a bridge from the molecular
scale to the real-world scale.
The mass, usually in grams (g),
Molar Mass: of 1 mole of atoms or molecules
of a substance.
1 mole of X = molar mass of X (in grams)
1 mole of X = 6.022 x 1023 atoms or molecules of X
Do You Understand Molar Mass?
How many atoms are in 0.551 g of potassium (K) ?
Do You Understand Molar Mass?
How many atoms are in 0.551 g of potassium (K) ?
1 mol K = 39.10 g K
1 mol K = 6.022 x 1023 atoms K
1 mol K 6.022 x 1023 atoms K
0.551 g K x x =
39.10 g K 1 mol K
8.49 x 1021 atoms K