The Concept of GPS
(Satellite Based Positioning
System)
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There are so many types of HH GPS
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What is GPS? (Global Positioning System)
GPS is a satellite-based navigation
system, which provides approximate
position on the earth anytime,
anywhere, in any
Developed weather by the
and maintained
US Department of Defense (DOD)
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GPS
A. GPS in USA
B. GLONASS program from Russia
C. GALILEO from European countries
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Characteristics of GPS
• Precise
Almost!
• Reliable
Almost!
• All weather
• Anytime & anywhere
• Unlimited user capacity
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Segments of GPS
Space
Segment
User
Segment
Monitor Stations
Control
Segment
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Segments of GPS cont d
1. Space Segment
•24 Satellite orbiting the earth in
6 orbital plane.
•Military originally, but after
1980 for Civil use.
•The satellites are orbiting about
20200km from earth’s surface.
•The space segment is so
designed that there will be
minimum of 4 satellites.
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Space segment
Each GPS satellite
has several very
accurate atomic
clock.
The clock operate at
a fundamental
frequency of
10.23MHz.
This is used to
generate the
signals that are
broadcast from the
satellite.
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The control
segment
The control segments are distributed in
five location around equator.
The control segments:
• Tracks the GPS satellites,
• Updates their orbiting position,
• Calibrate their clocks.
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GPS Monitoring Station
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The user segment
The user segment
comprises of any
one using a GPS
receiver to receive a
GPS signal.
• Land navigation,
• Marine
navigation,
• Aerial navigation,
• Surveying, etc…
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The user segment
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Recording The Tree’s Position
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The user segment
More than 9,000 GPS receivers were used by U.S. and coalition
forces during Operation Desert Storm.
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How GPS Works ………
Uses measurements from 4+ satellites
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Surveying with GPS
GPS has become increasingly
popular as surveying and
navigation instrument.
Surveyors and navigators
require a basic understanding
of how GPS positions relate to
standard mapping systems.
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Advantages and limitations
of GPS
GPS has numerous advantages over
traditional surveying methods:
• Can be used at any time of the day
or night and in any weather.
• Produces results with very high
geodetic accuracy.
• More work can be accomplished in
less time with fewer people.
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Limitations of GPS
In order to operate with GPS it is
important that the GPS Antenna has a
clear view to at least 4 satellites.
Sometimes, the satellite signals can be
blocked by tall buildings, trees etc.
Hence, GPS cannot be used indoors.
It is also difficult to use GPS in town
centers or woodland.
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Limitations of GPS
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Error of GPS
measurement
The sources of errors for GPS can be
categorized into 2.
• Error related to GPS Satellites and receiver
• Error related to GPS Signal Propagation
Sometimes error could also be intentional.
• The operator of the control segment may
intentionally deteriorate radio signals of
satellite to general public.
• This is to avoid optimal use of the system by
enemy.
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Multipath
When GPS signals arrive at the receiver
having traveled different paths
Two or more paths b/n sender and receiver.
Bounce off of some nearby surface
(building or rock outcrops).
Multipath is difficult to avoid error source.
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Multipath
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Coordinate Systems
All coordinate systems reference some particular set
of numbers for the size and shape of the earth (the
datum).
Coordinate systems are used to designate locations
within a datum.
There are two types of global coordinate systems:
Angular coordinate system (lat/long is one)
Rectangular (Cartesian) coordinate system (UTM is
one)
Latitude and longitude, and Universal Transverse
Mercator are two global coordinate systems
commonly used by GPS users.
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Universal Transverse Mercator
Is a rectangular (planar) coordinate
system based on the latitude and
longitude (geographic) coordinate
system.
The earth is divided into 60 UTM zones.
Sixty zones allows the earth to be
projected onto maps with minimal
distortion.
Coordinates are expressed in meters.
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UTM ZONE CHART
Latitudinal and longitudinal Designation
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UTM Zones - Side by Side
840 N
60 60 60 60 60 60
Equator
800 S
Zones: 11 12 13 14 15
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UTM Grid Overlay
60 Zones, and 20 Latitude Bands
Zones
1 60
84º N X 37
WW
V
U
T
Latitude Bands
S
R
Q
P
NN
M Equator
L 36,37,38 N
K
J
H
G
F
E
D
C
80º S
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Garmin GPSMAP60CSx
Data Collection
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GPS CALIBERATION/SETTING
System
Normal
Disabled
Alkaline
Unit
UTM-UPS
Adindan
Metric
Metric/Sec
Meters
Celsius/Far
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In
In the
the
Collect: field!
field!
- Waypoints
- Track Log
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Summary of Topics
Mark Waypoints
Delete Waypoints
X
Collect Track Log
View Active Track Area
Collecting Track Segments
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Your Garmin GPS
Page
PageZoom
ZoomIn
In Rocker
Rocker
Page
PageZoom
ZoomOut
Out
Find
FindMenu
Menu
Press
Press&&Release
Release
to
toCycle
CycleThrough
Through
Main
MainPages.
Pages.
Mark
MarkCurrent
Current Press
Pressand
andHold
Holdto
to
Location
Location Turn
TurnCompass
Compass
On/Off
On/Off
Press
PressTwice
Twiceto
to
Cancel
CancelData
DataEntry
Entry View
ViewMain
MainMenu
Menu
or
orExit
ExitaaPage
Page
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Your Garmin 60CSx
Your
YourGPS
GPShas
hasfive
five Each
Eachpage
pagehas
hasan
anOptions
Options
main
mainpages:
pages:
••Satellite Menu.
[Link]
viewthe
theOptions
Options
SatellitePage
Page Menu
••Trip Menufor
foraapage,
page,press
press
TripComputer
ComputerPage
Page MENU
••Map MENUkey
keyonce
onceon
onthe
the
MapPage
Page page
••Compass page
CompassPagePage
••Main
MainMenu
Menu
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Reminder – When you Turn on GPS Check
Satellite Page
Check Check
Check number
number ofof
Check accuracy
accuracy satellites
of
of signal,
signal, the
the satellites
lower highlighted
highlighted inin
lower the
the blue–minimum
number
number the
the blue–minimum 44
better satellites
satellites required
required
better
Bar
Bar graph
graph atat
bottom
bottom ofof
window
window shows
shows
strength
strength ofof
signals
signals from
from
each
each satellite
satellite
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Mark Waypoint
Press and hold
Mark
-All
-All values
values frozen
frozen
-No
-No values
values stored
stored
yet
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Modify Mark Waypoint
Page
Waypoint
Waypoint
Waypoi
Waypoi Name,
Name, max
max 14
14
nt
nt characters
characters
Symbol
Symbol
DO
DO NOT
NOT EDIT
EDIT ––
Curren
Curren needed
needed for
for
tt ArcView/ArcGI
ArcView/ArcGI
Positio
Positio SS
Current
nCurrent
n
Elevatio
Elevatio Show
Show
nn
Waypoint
Waypoint on
on
Map
Map Page
Page
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Save Waypoint To
To accept
accept the
the
waypoint
waypoint as
as it
it is,
is,
highlight
highlight OK
OK with
with
the
the rocker
rocker and
and press
press
ENTER.
ENTER.
To
Tochange
changeany
anyinformation
informationon onthe
the
Mark
MarkWaypoint
WaypointPage,
Page,move
movethe the
rocker
rockerto
tothe
theappropriate
appropriatefield
field
and
andpress
pressENTER.
[Link]
Aftermaking
making
changes,
changes,highlight
highlightOK
OKandandpress
press
ENTER.
ENTER. You can edit waypointsas
You can edit waypoints as
you
youcreate
createthem
themororatataalater
later
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Deleting Waypoints
Press
Press the
the FIND
FIND
button
button and
and highlight
highlight
the
the Waypoints
Waypoints
option.
option.
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Deleting Waypoints
Use
Use the
the rocker
rocker to
to Highlight
Highlight the
the Delete
Delete
select
select the
the waypoint
waypoint button
button and
and press
press
you
you want
want to to delete
delete and
and ENTER.
ENTER.
press
press ENTER.
ENTER.
Deleted
Deleted
waypoints
waypointscan’t
can’t
be recovered!
be recovered!
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Collect Track in Active Track
Log
Press
Press MENU
MENU twice
twice to
to access
access the
the Track
Track Log
Log
page
page on
on your
your GPS.
GPS.
Press
Press ENTER
ENTER when
when
Tracks
Tracks is
is selected
selected
to
to open
open the
the Track
Track
Log
Log
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Track Log Setup
Be
Be sure
sure the
the Track
Track
Log
Log is
is turned
turned on.
on.
Move
Move the
the rocker
rocker to
to
highlight
highlight OnOn an
an
press
press ENTER
ENTER
Once
Once Track
Track Log
Log is
is
turned
turned On,
On, highlight
highlight
Setup
Setup and
and press
press
ENTER
ENTER
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Track Log Setup
Deselect
Deselect thethe Wrap
Wrap
When
When Full
Full Option
Option toto
ensure
ensure that
that no
no track
track
log
log data
data gets
gets erased.
erased.
Press
Press ENTER
ENTER to to
uncheck
uncheck
Records
Records Track
Track Log
Log
based
based onon distance,
distance,
time,
time, or
or auto.
auto. Press
Press
ENTER
ENTER to to open
open
Will
Will change
change based
based upon
upon
Select
Select aa color
color for for the
the selection
selection made
made inin
your
your track
track [Link]. Record
Record Method.
Method.
Press
Press ENTER
ENTER to to see
see
color
42color
options
options
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View Active Track Log
To
To view
view your
your current
current
Track
Track Log,
Log, select
select the
the
TracBack
TracBack option
option by
by
pressing
pressing ENTER
ENTER
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Saving a Portion of Current Track Log
Press
PressMENU
MENUtwice
twiceto
toaccess
access
the
theMain
MainMenu.
[Link]
Select
Tracks
Tracksicon
iconand
andpress
press
ENTER.
[Link]
Highlightthe
theSave
Save
button
buttonand
andpress
pressENTER.
ENTER.
Select
SelectNo
Noand
and
press
pressENTER
ENTERwhen
when
this
thismessage
message
appears.
appears.
Use
Usethe
theRocker
Rockertotomove
movethe
thepointer
pointertoto
the
theplace
placeon
onthe
thetrack
trackline
linethat
thatyou
you
want
wantto
tobe
bethe
thebeginning
beginningpoint,
point,press
press
ENTER.
ENTER.
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Saving a Portion of Current Track Log
Move
Movethe
theRocker
Rockertotowhere
whereyou
youwant
want
your
yourend
endpoint
pointto
tobe
beand
andpress
pressENTER
ENTER
AA“Saving
“SavingTrack”
Track”message
messagewill
willappear
appear
followed
followedby
bythe
theSaved
SavedTrack
TrackPage
Page
With
WithOk
Okhighlighted,
highlighted,press
pressENTER.
[Link]
new
newtrack
trackwill
willbe
becreated
createdin
inthe
theTrack
Track
Log
Logmain
mainpage
page
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Map Creation Process
•With the GPS unit on, open up the DNR Garmin extension
program. It will automatically search for a GPS unit
attached to the computer via an open port.
• Use the track, route or waypoint option to download the
corresponding file.
• This will bring up a data list in DNR Garmin.
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Map Creation Process (Cont.)
•With the GPS on, download from the GPS, using the right icon.
Click on
‘Waypoint’
button to
get
waypoints.
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Map Creation Process (Cont.)
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Map Creation Process (Cont.)
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Map Creation Process (Cont.)
• The waypoints have now been transferred
into Arcmap and have therefore been
mapped.
• This process can now be followed from the
start to add more features to your map.
• The regular functions of Arcmap can now
be used to generate a map of publishable
quality (adding a legend, grid, north arrow,
title etc.) ArcMap skill building is another
workshop.
• Basic
If your ArcMap skills are developing
GPS Training
well it
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