Module 1 Mathematics
Week # 1
Natural numbers:
A natural number is string of ones.
| one
|| two
||| three
|||| four
||||| five
• Concept of successor and predecessor
Comparison of numbers using equality& inequality
• If we two natural numbers ‘n’ and ‘m’
n = m ↔ ones in ‘n’ and ‘m’ are equal
n < m ↔ ones in ‘n’ are less than ‘m’ ( that’s mean n comes first or
before in sequence of natural numbers.
What is a number:
• A quantity or amount
• Two pens, seven books, five boys etc
• Digits(figures):
Digits are single symbols used to represent numbers.
|,X,C,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0
• Numerals:
a digit or group of digits denoting a number is called numeral
5 , 74 , 345 etc
History of representation of
numbers:
• Tally system:
We use bars to represent any number in this system
• Roman numeral system:
|||||||||| = X (ten)
XXXXXXXXXX = C (hundred)
CCCCCCCCCC = M (thousand)
Hindu Arabic numerals:
| 1 one
|| 2 two
||| 3 three
|||| 4 four
||||| 5 five
|||||| 6 six
||||||| 7 seven
|||||||| 8 eight
||||||||| 9 nine
0 (for nothing)
Natural numbers,whole numbers and integers:
• Natural numbers(counting numbers):
Numbers start from one are called natural numbers.
N = { 1,2,3,…}
• Whole numbers:
If we include 0 in set of natural numbers it became whole numbers
W = { 0,1,2,3,…}
Integers:
• all whole numbers lies on the number line are called integers.
• zero, positive natural numbers and negative natural
numbers(opposite to natural numbers) are integers.
examples:
Loan (debt) , temperature etc.
Cardinal and ordinal numbers:
Cardinals Ordinals
• Numbers used for counting • Numbers used to locate or tell us
objects. position.
• 2kg sugar • 1st
• 1litre milk • 2nd
• 5 pairs od shoes • 3rd
• 4th and so on
Arithmetic:
It is branch of mathematics in which we study
numbers by using different operations(+,-,x,)
• Sum
It is the combination of strings of |. Its symbol is +
Activity:
laws of addition:
• Commutative law:
a+b=b+a
• Associative law:
(a + b) + c = a + ( b + c )
• Additive identity:
a+0=a
Concept of multiplication:
• Definition:
The product of numbers m and n
is the string formed by copy of m for every | in n.
Its symbol is x
Activity:
Laws of multiplication:
• Commutative law:
axb=bxa
• Associative law:
(a x b) x c = a x ( b x c )
• Multiplicative identity:
ax1=a
Subtraction:
It is inverse(opposite) of [Link] symbol
is -.
• k+m=n ↔ k=n-m
Examples and activities:
Distributive laws:
distributive law of multiplication over addition:
• a x (b + c) = (a x b)+(a x c)
• (a + b) x c = a x c + b x c
distributive law of multiplication over subtraction:
• a x (b - c) = (a x b)-(a x c)
• (a - b) x c = a x c - b x c
Division :
It is inverse of multiplication. Its symbol is .
• kxm=n ↔ k=
• Examples:
• Note: is only defined if m is factor of n.
Laws of division :
• + =
• =
• x =
Multiplication and long division:
• Examples and activities:
• Factors:
if k x m = n then we say that k and m are factors of n.
example:
3 x 5 = 15 then 3 and 5 are factors of 15.
Prime and composite numbers:
Prime numbers: Composite numbers:
• It is a whole number whose • It has more factors than 1 and
factors are only 1 and itself. itself.
Examples: Examples:
3=1x3 4 =2x2=1x4
2, 3, 5, 7, 11 … Factors of 4= 1,2,4
Note: 1 is not a prime.
Even and odd numbers:
Odd numbers: Even numbers:
• Numbers which are not • Numbers which are completely
completely divisible by 2 divisible by 2
• These numbers are not in pairs. • They are always in pairs
• Odd numbers end with 1,3,5,7,9 • Even numbers end with 0,2,4,6,8
• Examples: • 0 is even number.
• Examples: