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Chapter 07
MUSCLE SYSTEM

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© McGraw-Hill Education
 Introduction

All muscles contract, or shorten; this causes

the body, or substances inside the body, to
move.

Three types of muscles: skeletal, cardiac,

smooth

Muscles cells are elongated and thin, so are

called muscle fibers. FIBER=CELL

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 Types of Muscles

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 Skeletal Muscle 1

Skeletal muscle fibers are cylindrical,

multinucleated, and striated

Attached to the skeleton or skin (Ex: facial muscles)

Contraction is voluntary and controlled by

the nervous system

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 Skeletal Muscle 2

Connective tissue coverings of skeletal muscle:

• Endomysium
• Thin layer of areolar connective tissue
• Surrounds each skeletal muscle fiber (CELL)
• Perimysium – surrounds bundles of muscle
fibers (fascicles)
• Epimysium
• Layer that surrounds the entire muscle
• Becomes part of the fascia (separates muscles
from each other)
• Rope-like collagen fibers extend from
epimysium to form tendons that attach
muscles to the periosteum of bone
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 Connective Tissue of Skeletal Muscle

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 FUNCTIONS of Skeletal Muscles

• Supports body posture, allowing us to be upright and

maintain posture

• Make bones and other body parts move

• Help maintain a constant body temperature by generating

heat

• Assist fluid movement in veins and lymphatic vessels

• Help protect bones and internal organs, and stabilize joints

• Highly thermogenic – produces heat when it breaks down

ATP for energy

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 ANIMATION: Review of SKELETAL MUSCLE

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 Cardiac Muscle

Cardiac muscle forms the heart wall.

• Fibers are uninucleated, striated, and branched
• Fibers interlock at intercalated disks, which contain
gap junctions to permit contractions to spread quickly
throughout the heart
• Contraction is involuntary; does not require outside
nervous stimulation. What other muscle is
involuntary?
• Nerves do increase and decrease heart rate and
strength of contraction depending on needs of the
body

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 Smooth Muscle

Smooth muscle is in the walls of hollow

organs and blood vessels.
• Involuntary contraction
• Moves materials through organs and
regulates blood flow
• Cylindrical cells with pointed ends
• Each cell is uninucleated
• No striations
• Not easily fatigued

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 Microscopic Anatomy and
Contraction of Skeletal Muscle

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 Structure of a Muscle Fiber

Sarcolemma – plasma membrane

Sarcoplasm – cytoplasm
• Contains glycogen that provides energy
for muscle contraction
• Contains myoglobin, which binds
oxygen until needed; O2 carrier in muscle;
higher affinity than hemoglobin for O2
• Contains other organelles like other cells!

• Why is the Smooth ER so different?

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 Structure of a Muscle Fiber

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) – smooth

endoplasmic reticulum; stores calcium
T (transverse) tubules
• Formed by the extensions of the sarcolemma
that forms deep “tunnels” into the muscle
fiber
• Electrical signals (action potential) from the
sarcolemma follow down the T-Tubules  Ca++
release  binds troponin  filaments slide
(ratchet mechanism)

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 Structure of a Muscle Fiber
Myofibrils and sarcomeres
• Myofibrils are cylindrical and run the length of the muscle fiber (cell)

• Sarcomeres composed of numerous Myofibrils

• Extends between two vertical Z lines

• Contains two types of major protein myofilaments
• Thick filaments - myosin
• Thin filaments - actin
• I band contains only thin filaments (actin)
• A band in the center of the sarcomere contains thick and thin
filaments
• H zone in the center of the A band has only myosin filaments;
decreases in width during contraction

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 Structure of a Muscle Fiber

a. Muscle fiber has

many myofibrils.

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 Structure of a Muscle Fiber

Myofilaments – TWO KINDS!

• Thick filaments
• Composed of several hundred protein
molecules of myosin
• Myosin molecules end in a double
globular head that will form a cross-
bridge

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 Structure of a Muscle Fiber
Myofilaments
• Thin filaments
• Two intertwining strands of actin
• Double strands of tropomyosin coil over each
actin strand
• Troponin occurs at intervals on the
tropomyosin strand
• Thin strands attached to Z-Line

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 Anatomy of a Myofilaments

[Link] are relaxed. d. Sarcomeres are contracted.

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 Skeletal Muscle Contraction: The Sliding
Filament Theory
Skeletal muscle can only contract when stimulated
by a type of neuron called a motor neuron
Motor unit – one motor neuron and all the muscle
fibers (cells)it innervates
Neuromuscular junction – the axon terminal of
the motor neuron and the sarcolemma that the
motor neuron stimulates; the gap between the two
cells is the synaptic cleft
Acetylcholine (ACh) – the neurotransmitter used
at the neuromuscular junction; it is contained in
synaptic vesicles in the axon terminal

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 Motor Units

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 Neuromuscular Synapse

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 Skeletal Muscle Contraction: The Sliding
Filament Theory
Steps involved in skeletal muscle contraction:

1. You Think It….signal travels from the brain down the motor neuron, and arrives at the axon
terminal

2. The synaptic vesicles release ACh; it diffuses across the synaptic cleft

3. ACh binds to receptors on the sarcolemma

4. The binding of ACh to its receptors causes the sarcolemma to generate an electrical signal,
called an action potential, that travels deep down into the T tubules to the SR

5. When the action potential arrives at the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca++released from SR.

6. Ca++ from the SR allows the filaments to slide past one another. Cross-Bridging!

7. At rest, the active sites on actin are covered by tropomyosin

8. When calcium is present in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, it binds to troponin

9. Troponin moves tropomyosin, exposing the active sites on actin

[Link] heads break down ATP and form a temporary link with actin at the active sites

(cross-bridging). Heat is produced in ATP break-down (thermogenesis).

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 Skeletal Muscle Contraction: The Sliding Filament Theory

11. Myosin heads then bend toward the center of the sarcomere in an action called the
power stroke and pull the actin filaments inward

12. The overlap of thick and thin filaments changes but the filaments remain the same
length

13. This cycles over an over, shortening the sarcomere

[Link] contraction continues until the nerve signal stops

15. When the nerve signal stops, the sarcoplasmic reticulum uses ATP to pump the
calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

16. With no calcium bound to troponin, tropomyosin moves back into the resting position,
covering up the active sites on actin

17. Myosin heads detach from actin and the sarcomere lengthens (the muscle relaxes)

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 CROSS - BRIDGING

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 Contraction of Cardiac Muscle

The events of cardiac muscle contraction are

very similar to those of skeletal muscle
However, the calcium used to shorten the
sarcomeres comes from outside the cell as
well as inside
When the muscle fibers are stimulated,
calcium enters the sarcoplasm and causes
the release of more calcium from the
sarcoplasmic reticulum

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 Contraction of Smooth Muscle

Smooth muscle fibers contain thick and thin

filaments, but they are not arranged into
myofibrils that create striations
Thin filaments are anchored directly to the
sarcolemma and dense bodies that are
scattered throughout the sarcoplasm
When contracted, the elongated cells become
shorter and wider
Contraction occurs very slowly
Contractions can last for long periods of time
without fatigue

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 Energy for Muscle Contraction

ATP stored in the muscle fiber only lasts a

few seconds

Muscles make new ATP in three ways:

• Creatine phosphate breakdown

• Cellular respiration
• Fermentation

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 Energy Sources for Muscle Contraction

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 Energy for Muscle Contraction
Creatine phosphate breakdown:
• Is anaerobic; does not require oxygen
• Regenerates ATP by transferring its
phosphate to ADP
• Fastest way to make ATP available to
muscles
• ATP produced this way only lasts about 8
seconds
• Creatine Phosphate synthesis occurs in the
mitochondria, then transported into the
cytoplasm for use by contractile proteins

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 Energy for Muscle Contraction
Cellular respiration:
• Usually provides most of a muscle’s ATP
• Uses glucose from stored glycogen and
fatty acids from stored fats
• Requires oxygen; myoglobin stores oxygen
• Occurs in the mitochondria
• Carbon dioxide and water are end-products
• Heat is a by-product

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 ATP – 40% Energy 60% Heat

heat

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 Energy for Muscle Contraction

Fermentation:
• Anaerobic process
• Occurs in the sarcoplasm NOT mitochondria)
• Produces ATP for short bursts of exercise
• Glucose is broken down to lactate (lactic
acid)

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 Basic Principles

Origin – attachment of a muscle to the

bone that does not move (during the
movement of that particular muscle)
Insertion – attachment of a muscle to the
bone that moves
Prime mover – muscle that does most of
the work in a movement
Synergist – muscle that assists the prime
mover
Antagonist – muscle that works against
the muscle in question
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 Origin and Insertion

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 Naming Muscles

Size – maximus, medius, minimus, longus,

brevis, vastus
Shape – deltoid, trapezius, latissimus,
teres
Direction of fibers – rectus, orbicularis,
transverse, oblique
Location – frontalis, femoris, brachii
Attachment – origin and insertion
Number of attachments – biceps,
triceps, quadriceps
Action – flexor, extensor, adductor, levator

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 Superficial Skeletal Muscles

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 Muscles of the Head

Muscles of facial expression:

• Frontalis
• Orbicularis oculi
• Orbicularis oris
• Buccinator
• Zygomaticus
• Levator anguli oris
• Levator labii superioris
• Depressor anguli oris
• Depressor labii inferioris

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 Muscles of the Head and Neck

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 Muscles of the Anterior Shoulder and Trunk

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 Muscles of the Posterior Shoulder

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 Muscles of the Upper Limb

a. Anterior view b. Posterior view

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 Muscles of the Forearm

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 Muscles of the Hip and Thigh

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 Muscles of the Leg

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 Effects of Aging

Muscle mass and strength tend to decrease

with aging
Endurance decreases
Changes in nervous and cardiovascular
systems adversely affect muscles
Exercise at any age can stimulate muscle
buildup and reduce risk of diabetes and
glycation

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 Homeostasis

Cardiac muscle contraction creates blood

pressure, which forces blood into the
arteries and arterioles
Smooth muscle in arteries and arterioles
help maintain blood pressure
Smooth muscle contraction moves food
along the digestive tract and assists in the
voiding of urine
Smooth muscle sphincters can divert blood
flow to where it is needed

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 Homeostasis

Skeletal muscle contraction creates

pressure to move fluids through vessels
Skeletal muscles are active during
breathing
Heat produced by skeletal muscle
contraction helps maintain normal body
temperature
Skeletal muscles strengthen joints and
allows us to relocate our bodies

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