Faculty: Geological Exploration
Group: 126.21E
Teacher: Gulam Babayev
Student: Nuriyeva Tohfa
Subject: Electrical and
gravimetric prospecting
Topic: Main types of
geomagnetic variations. The
model of Tikhonov-Kanyard
PLAN
01 Magnetic meridian 02 Earth’s Magnetic Field
03 Geomagnetic Field
04 Geomagnetic variation
0 Magnetic meridian
1
A magnetic meridian is defined as a line on the
earth’s surface approximating a great circle,
which passes through the north and the south
magnetic poles.
Magnetic meridian at any place on earth is the vertical
line joining the magnetic north and magnetic south pole
of earth and passing through that place.
What Is Earth’s Magnetic Field?
Earth’s magnetic field is also referred to as the
geomagnetic field. The earth’s magnetic field
extends millions of kilometers into outer space
and looks very much like a bar magnet. The
earth’s south magnetic pole is actually near the
North Pole and the magnetic north pole is in
Antarctica! This is why a compass
magnet’s north pole actually points north
(north and south poles attract). The Earth’s
magnetic field extends far and wide but is very
weak in terms of field strength. The Earth’s
magnetic field extends far and wide but is very
weak in terms of field strength.
Geomagnetic Field
The geomagnetic field is a natural physical
phenomenon present on the planet Earth. It is
similar to the magnetic field generated by
a magnetic dipole with non-static magnetic
poles that do not coincide with the
geographical ones, and with an axis inclined at
11.30 ° with respect to the earth’s rotation axis.
The hypotheses on the origins of this field are
numerous, but today the theories are oriented
towards a model analogous to that of a self-
excitation dynamo.
The average magnetic induction at the Earth’s
equator is ~ 31,000 nT. Above the earth’s
surface, the field varies from about 20,000 to
65,000 nT depending on the location. If we
consider only the vertical component of the
field, the magnetic equator is where is the
vertical component is zero.
The components of the Geomagnetic Field
The Earth’s magnetic field is a vector field represented
by a vector, a function of the observation point and time,
generally indicated by F. Introducing a Cartesian triad
with origin in the place of observation and oriented axes
as in the figure, we define the following magnetic
elements :
X : component of the vector in the horizontal plane, directed
towards the geographic North
Y : component of the vector in the horizontal plane, directed
towards the geographic East
Z : vertical component, positive if directed towards the inside of
the Earth
H : total horizontal component
F : total intensity of the field
D : magnetic declination
I : magnetic inclination
Geomagnetic variation
Geomagnetic secular variation refers to changes in the
Earth's magnetic field on time scales of about a year or
more. These changes mostly reflect changes in the Earth's
interior, while more rapid changes mostly originate in the
ionosphere or magnetosphere.
The geomagnetic field changes on time scales from
milliseconds to millions of years. Shorter time scales
mostly arise from currents in the ionosphere and
magnetosphere, and some changes can be traced to
geomagnetic storms or daily variations in currents.
Changes over time scales of a year or more mostly reflect
changes in the Earth's interior, particularly the iron-rich
core. These changes are referred to as secular variation.
Magnetic field variable
Space: declination
Magnetic field variable
Space: Inclination
Magnetic field variable
Time: Secular Variation
The model of Tikhonov-Kanyard
The theory of geophysical methods begins with constructing
a model that describes the phenomena to be studied with
sufficient completeness but that is mathematically
tractable. Such a model is usually called the basic model.
The Tikhonov-Cagniard model is the basic model for
magnetotelluric sounding. It opens the way to the rational
study of the general properties of impedance, the
elaboration of techniques for representations of
magnetotelluric data, the evaluation of the resolving
power of sounding, and development of methods for
solving the inverse problem.