Quantum Cryptograp
Name –
Rollno-
Seminar Guide-
Introduction
• Classical Cryptography is formally based
on hard mathematical calculations that
one must go through in order to encrypt
a key.
Eg:- factorization of big prime numbers.
• Encryption & Decryption.
• It encompasses two techniques:-
1. Symmetric Cryptography
2. Asymmetric Cryptography
This technique operates under the
assumption that only authorized recipients
posses the key.
Symmetric Cryptography
• In symmetric cryptography, a single
•Key is employed for both encrypting
•and decrypting data.
•This Key is known as the public key.
•However, a limitation of this
technique
•is the necessity to securely distribute
the private key solely to authorized
senders and receivers.
Asymmetric
Cryptography
•Int the asymmetric cryptography a pair
•of key, i.e., public key and private key is
•used for encryption and decryption.
•A sender can use its public key to
•Encrypt the data and on receiver end
•Receiver can decrypt the data by using its
private key.
•This technique overcomes the problem of key
deistribution.
Advantages &
Disadvantages
• Advantages:
• Unbreakable security with the One-Time
Pad.
• Manual operations without the need of
computers.
• Safeguarding plain text from casual
observations.
• Disadvantages:
• Vulnerability in absence of OTP.
• With the help of super computers hard
mathematical calculations can be done
with more efficiency while consuming less
time.
Quantum Cryptography
•It is a technology rooted in the principles
of physics, specifically relying on the laws
of quantum mechanics.
•It leans on two critical principles:
• Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. eg:
determining polarization of photon.
• Photon Polarization Principle. eg: No
cloning principle.
General Terminologies
For Quantum
Cryptography
• Alice- Sender
• Bob-Receiver
• Eave-Interceptor
• Bit value (0)-Horizontal to plane of
motion
• Bit value (1)-vertical to plane of
motion
• QKD-Quantum Key Distribution.
Quantum Key
Distribution
• QKD operates by transmitting numerous light
particles, known as photons, each photon
assumes a random quantum state, collectively
forming a binary stream of ones and zeros.
• At receiving end, each photon encounters a
beam splitter, which diverts it along one of two
possible paths, leading to a photon collector.
The receiver sends back to the original sender.
• The sender than compares this data with what
was initially sent.
• QKD uses different protocols for quantum
cryptography.
Protocols Utilizing
Heisenberg’s
Uncertainty Principle
• In this protocol Alice can securely transmit
a random secret key to Bob by
transmitting a sequence of photons.
• These photons carry the secret key’s bits
encoded within their polarization states.
• Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle ensures
that an eavesdropper cannot measure
these photons and forward them to Bob
without disturbing the photon’s state in a
manner that is detectable, thus unveiling
the eavesdropper’s presence.
BB84 Protocol
In this QKD Model, Alice makes a On receiving each photon, Bob Alice and Bob exchange their basis
random selection of a basis, performs a polarization information after this via an
which could be either rectilinear measurement using a randomly insecure channel, bits with
or diagonal, to encode the bit’s chose basis. If he chooses the incompatible basis are discarded
information. same basis as that of alice and now in absence of any errors
theoretically he should measure or tampering both Alice and Bobs
should possess an identical string
the same polarization.
of bits, commonly referred to as
‘Key”.
• Eg:
An eavesdropper presence can be detected if for same
basis for Alice and Bob, Bob’s measurement vary from
that of alice’s. Hence all those bits can also be discarded.
Protocol’s Utilizing
Quantum Entanglement
• two subatomic particles can be intimately linked
to each other even if separated by billions of
light-years of space. Despite their vast
separation, a change induced in one will affect
the other.
Eckert’s protocol
• These pairs of entangled particles are then
separated, with one particle designated for Alice
and the other for Bob.
• Alice and Bob interpret their measurements as
binary bits, they each possess a bit string that
serves as the binary complement of the other's
string.
Practical Security
Concern With QKD Model
• QKD Over noisy channels
• In practical scenarios determining the
cause of discrepancy of bits becomes
challenging as it might even occur from
the use of imperfect, noisy equipment's
other than an eavesdropper.
• It’s impractical to discard every
transmission that isn’t error free as some
error are expected to occur naturally.
Therefore we use a technique known as
Privacy amplifications.
• Alice randomly select pairs of bits and
transmit the XOR value to Bob, Bob can
then confirm whether he posses the same
Privacy amplification
continue…
• Alice and Bob then replaces these
randomly selected pairs with the
XOR value of each pair, creating a
new key.
• Eve cannot accurately determine
the XOR value for a bit pair unless
she is certain about the original
bits, thereby rendering the new key
unknowable to her.
The PNS Attack-QKD
With Practical Equipment
• It’s presently unfeasible for equipment to
consistently generate and detect single
photons. In real-world we often use lasers
that emits a small amount of coherent
light instead. This generates a new threat
known as PNS attack.
• Eve intercepts a single photon or a few
photons from each bit, this perm its Eve to
measure her photons without interfering
with those measured by Bob.
• We can counter this threat by
transmission of additional decoy pulses for
Alice and Bob to measure. SARG04
protocol exhibits resistance against the
PNS attack as alice doesn’t directly
reveals her measurement bases.
CONCLUSIONS
• Two parties, utilizing both a potentially
insecure quantum and classical communication
channel, can establish a secret key securely, all
while refraining from any assumptions about
the capabilities of potential eavesdroppers.