SMART

MATERIALS
(MATERIALS OF THE
FUTURE)

PRESENTED BY:-
prof Shwetali Tayade
 CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Properties of smart materials
• Components of smart system
• Classification of Smart Materials
• Shape Memory Alloys
• QTC
• Applications
• Merits & Demerits
• Conclusion
 INTRODUCTION
SMART MATERIALS

Smart or intelligent materials are materials that

have to respond to stimuli and environmental
changes and to activate their functions according
to these changes.
The stimuli like temperature, pressure, electric
flow, magnetic flow, light, mechanical, etc can
originate internally or externally.
 PROPERTIES OF SMART
MATERIALS
• Sensing materials and devices
• Actuation materials and devices
• Control devices and techniques
• Self-detection, self-diagnostic
• Self-corrective, self-controlled, self-healing
• Shock-absorbers, damage arrest
 COMPONENTS OF SMART
SYSTEM
• Data Acquisition (tactile sensing): The aim of this
component is to collect the required raw data
needed for an appropriate sensing and
monitoring of the structure. E.g. Fibre optic
sensing.

• Data Transmission (sensory nerves): The purpose

of this part is to forward the raw data to the local
and/or central command and control units.

• Command and Control Unit (brain): The role of

this unit is to manage and control the whole
system by analyzing the data, reaching the
appropriate conclusion, and determining the
• Data Instructions (motor nerves): The function of
this part is to transmit the decisions and the
associated instructions back to the members of
the structure.

• Action Devices (muscles): The purpose of this

part is to take action by triggering the controlling
devices/ units.
 (a) Data Acquisition (tactile sensing)

• aim: to collect the required raw data needed for an

appropriate sensing and monitoring of the
structure.
• event to be sensed- radiation, magnetic, thermal,
mechanical or chemical
• according to the nature of the output required,
such as thermal, magnetic, electrical, optical or
mechanical
• Fibre optics are an excellent example of sensors
(b) Data Transmission (sensory nerves)
• aim: to forward the raw data to the local and/or central command and
control units
• fibre optics: used as sensors, duplicate the action of conventional strain
gauges and respond to a change in transmitted light which could be in
intensity, phase, frequency, polarization, wavelength or mode
• They are highly sensitive, can detect minuscule variations and thus work
very well
• Bragg grating sensors work very well but are expensive, while Fabry-Perot
sensors are cheaper to build, which is already used in a few civil
engineering applications
• For e.g., deformation and vibration are being measured in a cracked bridge
in Berlin, Germany and Vibration and corrosion are being monitored in a few
bridges in the US and Canada
(c) Command and Control Unit (brain):
• aim: to manage and control the whole system by analyzing
the data, reaching the appropriate conclusion, and
determining the actions required
• the manager of day-to-day operations, responsible for
monitoring the health and integrity of the system by means of
a communication network which works in real time
• operates by managing optical fibre sensors and actuators, or
by overseeing operational and control devices.
• It has two basic & distinct functions
a. The Processing Function
b. The Analysis Function
 Command and Control Unit (brain)
(contd.)
❑The Processing Function:
• receives information; analyses it; sorts and classifies
it; and stores and/or processes it
• depending on the nature, frequency and quality of the
data and its origins.
• operations are dealt with by intelligent or smart
processing, with or without human intervention, and
with little or no human interaction
• Lastly, expert systems can handle the retrieval,
management, classification, and storage of the data
 Command and Control Unit (brain)
(contd.)
❑ The Analysis Function:
• deals with the detailed examining of the raw data in an
intelligent way; using the analysis, it will exploit the results to
assess the condition of the structure.
• analysis consists of localizing and identifying specific
variables or features as compared to threshold levels defined
in codes, rules, regulations or standards
• In an adverse condition, the apt corresponding conclusion is
reached, decisions are sent to the action controlling devices,
which will be triggered to react
• To operate these functions, special algos are established.
 (d) Actuating Component
• they are designed according to the nature of the required
actuation-optical, magnetic, thermal, mechanical or chemical
• as well as according to the nature of the driving energy, such
as thermal, magnetic, electrical or chemical
• environmental considerations too such as thermal, magnetic #
electrical properties and corrosion, #as well as the size,
geometry and mechanical properties of the interface have to
be considered.
• lastly, the properties of the actuators such as displacement,
force generation, hysteresis, response time and bandwidth
are also specified aptly
 (e) SENSORS AND ACTUATORS
❑ For active noise control applications
• microphones are used as acoustic sensors and
• loudspeakers as acoustic actuators
❑ For displacement and velocity control, two types of transducers are
convenient:
• Linear Variable Differential Transformers (LVDT) and
• Linear Variable Inductance Transformers (LVIT)
❑ two basic types of actuators
• Hydraulic and pneumatic actuators : employed when low
frequency, large force and displacements are required, while
• the electromagnetic/ shaker types are utilized to react against an
inertial electro-dynamic mass
 Supporting with a few examples
• Vibration reduction in sporting goods: a new generation of tennis rackets,
golf clubs, baseball bats (Fig. 3) & ski boards etc. have been introduced to
reduce the vibration in these sporting goods, increasing the user’s comfort
and reducing injuries.
• Noise reduction in vehicles. Filaments of piezoelectric ceramic fibre shaped
into various geometries are used in conventional fabric or material
processing to counter noise in vehicles, neutralize shaking in helicopter
rotor blades, or nullify or at least diminish vibrations in air conditioner fans
and automobile dashboards.
• Spatial High Accuracy Position Encoding and Control System
(SHAPECONS) incorporates smart components that were developed for the
STEAR-9
• Program (Fig. 4).
• Frangibolt, a system flown on the 1994 Clementine mission to the moon, is
used to deploy solar arrays, antennae and satellite from a launch vehicle
[9].
 Applications (contd.)
❑Few applications were established for military
• Smart Skin
• Smart Aircraft
• Autonomous Smart systems
• Stealth Applications: smart vehicles could be
constructed using stealth technologies for e.g. the
B-2 stealth bomber or the F-117 stealth fighter
• Identifying space/underwater stealth targets
 CLASSIFICATION OF SMART
MATERIALS
• Piezoelectric materials
• Electrostrictive materials
• Magnetostrictive materials
• Rheological materials
• Thermoresponsive materials
• Electrochromic materials
• Fullerences
• Biomimetric materials
• Smart gels
• Piezoelectric Materials: When subjected to an
electric charge or a variation in voltage,
piezoelectric material will undergo some
mechanical change, and vice versa. These events
are called the direct and converse effects.

The Direct Effect The Reverse Effect

• Electrostrictive Materials: This material has the
same properties as piezoelectric material, but the
mechanical change is proportional to the square
of the electric field. This characteristic will always
produce displacements in the same direction.
• Magnetostrictive Materials: When subjected to a
magnetic field, and vice versa (direct and
converse effects), this material will undergo an
induced mechanical strain. Consequently, it can
be used as sensors and/or actuators. (Example:
Terfenol-D.)
• Rheological Materials: These are in liquid phase
which can change state instantly through the
application of an electric or magnetic charge.
These fluids may find applications in brakes,
shock absorbers and dampers for vehicle seats.

ELECTRIC
ER CHANGES
/MAGNETIC
/MR LIQUID TO
FIELD
FLUID SOLID
APPLIED

ELECTRIC CHANGES
ER
/MAGNETIC SOLID TO
/MR
FIELD LIQUID
FLUID
REMOVED
• Thermoresponsive Materials: Thermoresponsive is
the ability of a material to change properties in
response to changes in temperature. They are
useful in thermostats and in parts of automotive
and air vehicles.
• Electrochromic materials: Electrochromic is the
ability of a material to change its optical
properties (e.g. Color) when a voltage is applied
across it. They are used in LCDs and cathodes in
lithium batteries.
• Fullerences: These are spherically caged
molecules with carbon atoms at the corner of a
polyhedral structure consisting of pentagons and
hexagons. These are usually used in polymeric
matrices for use in smart systems. They are used
in electronic and microelectronic devices, super-
conductors, optical devices, etc.
• Biomimetic Materials: The materials and
structures involved in natural systems have the
capability to sense their environment, process the
data and respond instantly. For example: to allow
leaf surfaces to follow the direction of sunlight
and essentially a real-time change in the load
path through the structure to avoid overload of a
damaged region.
The field of biomimetic materials explores the
possibility of engineering materials and
structures.
• Smart gels: These are gels that can shrink or
swell by several orders of magnitude. Some of
these can also be programmed to absorb or
release fluids in response to a chemical or
physical stimulus. These gels are used in areas
such as food, drug delivery, organ replacement
and chemical processing.
 SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS

In 1930s, Arne Olander was first observed the

shape memory effect while working with an alloy
of gold and cadmium.
This Au-Cd alloy was plastically deformed when
cold but returns to its original configuration when
heated.
The shape memory properties of nickel-titanium
alloys were discovered in the early 1960s.
Although pure nickel-titanium has very low
ductility in the martensitic phase, the properties
can be modified by the addition of a small
amount of a third element. These groups of alloys
are known as Nitinol™ (Nickel-Titanium-Naval-
Ordnance-Laboratories).
 How SMA Works?
• SME occurs due to the change in the crystalline
structure of materials.

• Two phases are:

❖ Martensite:
• Low temperature phase
• Relatively weak
❖ Austenite:
• High temperature phase
• Relatively strong
⮚ MARTENSITE
⮚ DEFORMING
MARTENSITE
⮚ DEFORMED
MARTENSITE
⮚ AUSTENSITE

⮚ MARTENSITE
• Martensite to
Austenite
transformation occurs
by heating.

• Austenite to
Martensite occurs by
cooling.
 THERMAL HYSTERESIS
where
• Ms-Martensite start
• Mf-Martensite finish
• As-Austenite start
• A f-Austenite finish
 Quantum Tunnelling
Composite (QTC)
• A QTC in its normal state is a perfect insulator
• When compressed it becomes a perfect conductor
• If only lightly compressed its conductivity is
proportional to the pressure applied
How does it work?
• In normal physics an electron cannot pass
through an insulation barrier.
• In Quantum physics theory a wave of electrons
can pass through an insulator – this is what is
happening!
 How QTC
Works?
QTC

LED

Battery
 APPLICATIO
NS
• Aircrafts
• Orthopedic surgery
• Dental braces
• Robotics
• Reducing vibration
of helicopter blades
• Smart fabrics
• Sporting goods
• Smart glass
 MERITS DEMERITS
• Bio-compatibility • More expensive
• Simplicity • Low energy efficiency
• Compactness • Complex control
• Safety mechanism • Limited bandwidth
• Good mechanical
properties
 Conclusion
• Today, the most promising technologies for
lifetime efficiency and improved reliability include
the use of smart materials and structures.
Understanding and controlling the composition
and microstructure of any new materials are the
ultimate objectives of research in this field, and is
crucial to the production of good smart materials.
• New and advanced materials will definitively
enhance our quality of our life.
 SENSORS
&
SMART
STRUCTURES
 Smart materials and smart
systems
❑ may be regarded as an 'active' material in the sense that it

is being used for more than just its structural properties

❑ a smart structure is neither a small structure nor one made

of silicon

❑ Term ‘smart’ really implies a form of intelligence and is

applied to civil buildings and bridges

 Various possible uses of the prefix
'smart'
Description Meaning Example

Smart material Material with a function other Shape-memory alloy

than passive mechanical
support
Smart structure Civil structure that adapts to Building with an active
changes in its environment damping system

Smart sensor Micro-sensor with part, or all, Commercial (e.g. Motorola)

of its processing unit automotive pressure sensor
integrated into one chip

Smart actuator Actuator with part, or all, of its Micro-motor

processing unit integrated into
one chip

Smart microsystem Sensor, processor, and MEMS or MOEMS devices

actuator integrated in a single
chip
 Smart materials & smart systems for
the future
• smart systems trace their origin to a field of research that envisioned devices and
materials that could mimic human muscular and nervous systems
• essential idea is to produce non-biological systems that will achieve the optimum
functionality observed in biological systems through imitation of their adaptive
capabilities and integrated design
• system and its related components form an entity that will act and react in a
predicted manner, and ultimately behave in a pattern that emulates a biological
function e.g. the human body is the ideal or ultimate smart system
• One of the first attempts to use the smart materials technology involved materials
constructed to do the work of electromechanical devices for e.g. many types of
sensors and actuators have been developed to measure or excite a system.
 Beneficial scope of smart materials,
structures & systems in the future
• provides a promise of optimum responses to
highly complex problem areas like by providing
early warning of the problems or adapting the
response to cope with unforeseen conditions
• enhances the survivability of the system and
improves its life cycle
• provides better control by minimizing distortion
and increasing precision
• enhances preventative maintenance of systems
resulting in a better performance
 Smart systems for engineering
applications
General Requirements and Expectations
•High degree of reliability, efficiency and sustainability not
only of the structure but also of the whole system.
•High security of the infrastructures particularly when
subjected to extreme and unconventional conditions.
•Full integration of all the functions of the system.
•Continuous health and integrity monitoring.
•Damage detection and self-recovery.
•Intelligent operational management system.
 SMART STRUCTURES

❑a smart structure is a system that incorporates

particular functions of sensing and actuation to
perform smart actions in an ingenious way. The basic
five components of a smart structure are summarized
as follows shown in (Figure1)
• Data Acquisition (tactile sensing)
• Data Transmission (sensory nerves)
• Command and Control Unit (brain)
• Data Instructions (motor nerves)
• Action Devices (muscles)
 INTRODUCTION TO SMART
SENSORS
⚫Main aim of Integrating the electronics and the Sensor is
to make and intelligent sensor.

⚫Smart Sensor have the ability to take decision.

⚫Complete system is called a system on Chip.

⚫Smart Sensor consist of Transduction Element, Signal

Conditioning Electronic and controller/processor.
 DEFINITION
• Sensor(producing electrical output) + interfacing
electronic circuit = Smart Sensor
• Combination of both sensor & actuator
• Capable of –
1. Logic functions
2. Two-way Communications
3. Making decisions
 MAIN FEATURES
• VLSI technologies
• Low power consumption
• Small size
• Low cost
• Single chip solution
• Less space in configuration
• Works with small signals
• Wireless RF communication
 WHY SMART SENSORS?
⚫Smart Sensor enhances the following applications -
1. Self-calibration: Adjust deviation of o/p of sensor from desired
value.
2. Communication: Broadcast information about its own status.
3. Computation: Allows one to obtain the average, variance &
standard deviation for the set of measurements.
4. Multisensing: A single smart sensor can measure pressure,
temperature, humidity, gas flow & infrared, chemical reaction,
surface acoustic vapour, etc.
5. Cost Effectiveness: Less hardware and reduction of repititive
testing make smart sensor cost effective.

⚫ A smart sensor is made with same technology as Integrated

circuits
⚫ A transduction element either includes thin metal films, Zinc
Oxide and Polymeric films
GENERAL ARCHITECTURE
A general Architecture of smart sensor consist of
following important components :
1. Sensing element/transduction element
2. Amplifier
3. Sample and hold
4. Analog multiplexer
5. Analog to digital converter (ADC)
6. Offset and temperature compensation
7. Digital to analog converter (DAC)
8. Memory
9. 8Serial communication and processor
 ADVANTAGES
• The presence of controller in smart sensor has led to corrections
for different undesirable sensor characteristics which include span
variation , non –linearity, cross-sensitivity.
• REDUCE COST OF BULK CABLES & CONNECTORS
• REMOTE DIAGNOSTICS - It is possible to have digital
communication via a standard bus & a built in self-test.
• SYSTEM RELIABILITY - System reliability is significantly
improved due to the utilization of smart sensor.
• BETTER SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO - The electrical output
of most sensors is very weak and it is transmitted through long
wires lot of noise get coupled by using smart sensor this problem
is avoided .
• HIGH PERFORMANCE WITH MINIMUM COST
• EASY TO DESIGN, USE & MAINTAIN
• SCALABLE – Flexible System
• SMALL RUGGED PACKAGING
APPLICATIONS
 APPLICATIONS….
⚫ ACCELEROMETER - It consists of sensing element and
electronics on Silicon.
⚫ OPTICAL SENSOR - It is used for measuring exposure in
cameras, optical angle encoders
⚫ INFRARED DETECTOR ARRAY – IR sensing element is
made using poly-silicon.
⚫ INTEGRATED MULTI SENSOR - This chip was fabricated
using conventional Silicon planer processing, Silicon Micro
machining and thin deposition technique.
SMART SENSORS IN BUILDINGS
TODAY Sensicast’s Smart
Sensors automatically
“introduce themselves” to the
network and work reliably
for years. They monitor
multiple data types essential
for industrial, manufacturing
and laboratory processes,
including:
• Pressure
• Temperature
• Current and Voltage
• Motion
• Light
• Humidity, Moisture and
many more
It’s time to be
SMART !