Suggested Performance Tasks

[Link], test, and evaluate a model

house that can withstand a model
earthquake.
B.B. Design, test, and evaluate a model of
an innovative house that can adapt to
the different weather conditions in the
country.
Author(s): Deo Carlo E. LlamasJeffrey S. PerezJonard Jhon
S. AcidJohn Patrick S. NaingCrystel Jade M. Legaspi-Delos
SantosKathleen L. Papiona
February 7, 2025
 In late January, a moderate earthquake struck offshore
southwestern Luzon, Philippines, and was felt across Metro
Manila. DOST-PHIVOLCS scientists explain what's going on.
On January 20, 2025, at 06:42 PM local time, a magnitude
5.5 earthquake struck offshore, between the islands of Mindoro
and Luzon, at a depth of 90 kilometers (56 miles; red star in
Figure 1). The tremor was widely felt. In Lubang, an island that's
located between Luzon and Mindoro islands and is part of the
province of Occidental Mindoro (Figure 1), shaking reached an
intensity of IV on the PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale
(PEIS) (moderately strong; equivalent to Modified Mercalli
Intensity or MMI IV). In various parts of Metro Manila, the
Philippine capital with a population of about 15 million, the
shaking intensity was PEIS III (weak; equivalent to MMI III),
 Though no significant damage has been reported, this
event is part of a larger pattern of seismic activity in the region
(Figure 2). The onshore and offshore areas of southwestern
Luzon exhibit high seismic activity due to its complex tectonic
setting, which includes subduction along the Manila Trench and
the presence of numerous active faults. Since 2020, the region
has experienced several felt earthquakes with magnitudes
ranging from 5.0 to 6.6 at intermediate depths (ranging from 70
to 300 kilometers depth, or about 40 to 190 miles; Aurelio et al.,
2021; DOST-PHIVOLCS, 2025), underscoring the tectonic
processes linked to subduction along the Manila Trench. In
addition to these deeper earthquakes, the region is also prone
to shallow seismic events with depths of less than 70 kilometers
(about 40 miles), making it a key area for understanding varied
Guide Questions
-What are the primary factors contributing to the
high seismic activity in southwestern Luzon, and how
do these factors impact earthquake risks?
-What measures can be taken to mitigate risks
associated with both shallow and intermediate-depth
earthquakes in regions like southwestern Luzon?
-Given that no significant damage was reported from
recent moderate earthquakes, what might be done to
ensure readiness for potentially larger events that
could cause more destruction?
Learning Outcomes
-recall the anatomy of a fault.
-state the geological faults.
-classify geological faults according to the fault
plane's angle and slip direction.
-demonstrate the movement of the different
geological faults.
-value the importance of understanding the
occurrence of a fault by describing its movement.
A fault is a crack or fracture in
the Earth's crust thatoccurs
due to the release of
accumulated energy.
When the tectonic plates that
form the Earth's surfacemove,
they can slide past each other
or collide, creatinga fault.
These ruptures can be visible on the
Earth's surface or located beneath it.
When the accumulated tension in a
fault is suddenly released, an
earthquake occurs. Faults are a
natural and
common part of Earth's dynamics
and can have asignificant impact on
the geology and topography of a
Anatomy of the Fault
 Important terms
Fault plane - The flat surface where the rocks move past each other,
It can be vertical, horizontal, or inclined at any angle
Hanging wall - The block of rock above the fault plane
Footwall - The block of rock below the fault plane
Fault trace - The line on the Earth's surface that marks the fault plane
Fault offset- The amount of movement along the fault plane
Dip-The angle of inclination of the fault plane relative to the horizontal
Strike -The compass direction of a horizontal line on the fault plane
Fault scarp-A steep slope or cliff that forms along the fault trace
Fault breccia - A type of rock made of broken and crushed fragments
from the fault
Fault gouge- A fine-grained material that builds up in the fault zone
 Types of Geological Faults
Dip-Slip Fault
they experience vertical
movement, in line with
the dip of the fault.
They are identified by
the relative movement
of the Hanging Wall and
Foot Wall.
 Types of Dip-slip fault
Normal Faults Reverse Faults
the hanging wall the hanging wall moves
moves downwards upwards relative to the
relative to the foot foot wall. They are
wall. They are caused caused by
by extensional compressional
tectonics. This kind of tectonics. This kind of
faulting will cause the faulting will cause the
faulted section of rock faulted section of rock
to lengthen. to shorten.
 Types of Dip-slip
fault
Trough Faults
refers to a fault system
where the land between
the fault lines has
subsided, creating a
trough-like depression.
Ridge Faults
refers to a fault that runs
along the top of a
geological ridge
 Types of Dip-slip
fault
Step Faults
This is a fault system
where multiple parallel
faults occur, causing the
land to step up or down
in a staircase-like
pattern, with each "step"
being a distinct fault
block.
 Types of Geological Faults
Strike-Slip Fault
A Strike-Slip fault
experiences lateral motion,
the movement is horizontal,
along the line of the strike
of the fault. They can be
defined as Sinistral (the
walls move to the left
relative to one another) or
Dextral (the walls move to
the right relative to one
another).
 Types of Geological Faults
Oblique Strike-Slip Fault
a type of fault where the
movement of the rock blocks
on either side is not purely
horizontal like a typical strike-
slip fault, but also includes a
vertical component, meaning
the rocks move both sideways
and slightly up or down,
resulting from a combination
of shearing and
compressional forces
Takeaway Questions

[Link] are the parts of a fault?

[Link] do each type of fault differ?
[Link] do normal faults differ from reverse faults in terms
of tectonic plate movement and geological setting?

[Link] role do strike-slip faults play in shaping

landscapes compared to dip-slip (normal and reverse)
faults?
I can do it!
Directions: Read the questions carefully, choose the letter
of the best answer, and write it on your answer sheet.

1. Which type of fault is characterized by the hanging

wall moving downward relative to the footwall,
commonly found in the Marikina Valley Fault System?
A. Normal fault
B. Reverse fault
C. Strike-slip fault
D. Thrust fault
I can do it!
Directions: Read the questions carefully, choose the letter
of the best answer, and write it on your answer sheet.

2. The Philippine Fault Zone exhibits which type

of fault movement, where blocks move
horizontally past each other?
A. Dip-slip fault
B. Strike-slip fault
C. Oblique fault
D. Normal fault
I can do it!
Directions: Read the questions carefully, choose the letter
of the best answer, and write it on your answer sheet.

3. In the Bondoc Peninsula, what type of fault is

predominantly found where older rocks are pushed up
and over younger rocks at an angle less than 45
degrees?
A. Strike-slip fault
B. Normal fault
C. Thrust fault
D. Transform fault
I can do it!
Directions: Read the questions carefully, choose the letter
of the best answer, and write it on your answer sheet.

4. Which fault type is common in the Manila

Trench, characterized by compression forces where
the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall?
A. Transform fault
B. Reverse fault
C. Normal fault
D. Strike-slip fault
I can do it!
Directions: Read the questions carefully, choose the letter
of the best answer, and write it on your answer sheet.

5. The East Luzon Trough is associated with

which type of faulting mechanism?
A. Transform faulting
B. Strike-slip faulting
C. Thrust faulting
D. Normal faulting
 Type of Moveme Causes Effect
Fault nt
a.
Normal
b.
Reverse
c. Trough
d. Ridge
e. Step
Earthquake
Rubrics for the Reflection Paper
Body waves
• P waves are compressional waves that
travel through solids, liquids, and gases.
They propagate through a substance by
compressing and expanding it alternately.
• S-waves (Secondary waves): They are
also known as shear waves, and they can
only propagate in hard, solid materials by
vibrating particles in a direction
perpendicular to the propagation.
Surface Waves
• The motion of Love wave particles forms a
horizontal line that is perpendicular to the
propagation direction. The energy of Love
waves radiates in two directions rather than
three.
• The motion of Rayleigh wave is a mix of
longitudinal, compressional, and dilatation.
As a result, the particles travel elliptically in
the vertical plane.
Terms to remember
1. INTENSITY - is a measure of the strength of shaking
experienced in an earthquake.
2. WARNING - a statement or event that indicates a possible or
impending danger, problem, or other unpleasant situation
3. READINESS - the state of being fully prepared for
something:
4. EVACUATE - remove (someone) from a place of danger to a
safer place
5. SIMULATE - to produce a situation or event that seems real
but is not real, especially in order to help people learn how
to deal with such situations or events
Takeaway questions;
• How does the geological context of the Philippines
compare to that of Japan regarding earthquake
susceptibility?
• What lessons can be learned from Japan's response to
the 2011 earthquake that could be applied in the
Philippines?
• How prepared are Filipino communities for a similar
magnitude earthquake and tsunami?
• What role do local governments play in enhancing
disaster response capabilities in the Philippines?
Takeaway Questions;
[Link] do past earthquake events inform our current
understanding of seismic risks and vulnerabilities?
[Link] structural measures can be implemented to
enhance the earthquake resilience of buildings and
infrastructure?
3. What role do local governments play in developing
and enforcing earthquake mitigation policies?