SOFTWARE………..
Notes by Mr. Lokesh Negi, PGT CS
WHAT IS SOFTWARE?
1. Software is a set of instructions,
data or programs used to operate
computers and execute specific
tasks.
2. Software is a generic term used
to refer to applications, scripts and
programs that run on a device.
The two main categories of software are
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
Notes by Mr. Lokesh Negi, PGT CS
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
These software programs are designed to run a
computer's application programs and hardware.
System software coordinates the activities and
functions of the hardware and software.
The OS is the best example of system software; it
manages all the other computer programs. Other
examples of system software include the firmware
, computer language translators and system
utilities.
Notes by Mr. Lokesh Negi, PGT CS
TYPES OF
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
OPERATING
SYSTEM
SYSTEM
UTILITIES
DEVICE
DRIVERS
Notes by Mr. Lokesh Negi, PGT CS
Operating Systems: It is the interface between
the user and the computer hardware.
Some popular Operating Systems include Linux
Operating System, Windows Operating System
What is utility software?
These software analyzes and maintain a computer.
These software are focused on how OS works on
that basis it perform task to enable smooth
functioning of computer.
These software may come along with OS like
windows defender, windows disk cleanup tool.
Antivirus, backup software, file manager, disk
compression tool all are utility software.
Notes by Mr. Lokesh Negi, PGT CS
A device driver is a special
Device kind of software program
Driver that controls a specific
hardware device attached to
and It’s a computer. Device drivers
Purpose are essential for a computer
to work properly.
Device Drivers are essential
for a computer system to work
properly because without a
device driver the particular
hardware fails to work
accordingly, which means it
fails in doing the
function/action it was created
to do
Notes by Mr. Lokesh Negi, PGT CS
Programming Tools
And
Language Translators
Notes by Mr. Lokesh Negi, PGT CS
Language translators like interpreters,
compilers, and assemblers convert
high-level language into machine code
that a computer can understand.
What are language translators?
These can translate a program written in
one programming language into another.
Language translators are also called
language processors.
There are three types of language
translators:
Notes by Mr. Lokesh Negi, PGT CS
Compilers
Language
Translators
Interpreters Assemblers
Notes by Mr. Lokesh Negi, PGT CS
Compilers vs Interpreter
Compiler Interpreter
A compiler takes the entire Each line is translated by the interpreter
program and compiles it all at and then executed.
once.
It keeps an object file. It does not save an object file.
Takes more memory space Takes less memory space
Fast program execution Slow program execution
Tough debugging Easy debugging
Beneficial for commercial Beneficial for learning purpose
purpose
Notes by Mr. Lokesh Negi, PGT CS
Assembler??
An assembler is a type of computer program
that interprets software programs written in
assembly language into machine language, code
and instructions that can be executed by a
computer.
An assembler works by assembling and
converting the source code of assembly
language into object code or an object file that
constitutes a stream of zeros and ones of
machine code, which are directly executable
by the processor.
Notes by Mr. Lokesh Negi, PGT CS
Notes by Mr. Lokesh Negi, PGT CS
OPERATING SYSTEM??
An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a
computer user and computer hardware.
An operating system is a software which performs all the
basic tasks like file management, memory management,
process management, handling input and output, and
controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and
printers.
The primary purposes of an Operating System are to
enable applications (software) to interact with a
computer's hardware and to manage a system's
hardware and software resources.
Notes by Mr. Lokesh Negi, PGT CS
Functions of Operating
System
Notes by Mr. Lokesh Negi, PGT CS
1. Security Management
The information and confidential data stored in
the system are protected by the operating system,
which blocks the system by giving strong
authorized keys to the user securing the system
from malware attacks.
The operating system acts as supervisor mode
and gives the system a strongly protected firewall.
2. Process Management
The operating system effectively manages the execution of the
program without any overlapping or time delay.
Process management supports OS in developing and
eliminating processes and provides a mechanism for
communication and synchronization within multiple processes.
What Is a Firewall?
A firewall is a network security device that monitors incoming and outgoing network
traffic and decides whether to allow or block specific traffic based on a defined set of
Notes by Mr. Lokesh Negi, PGT CS
security rules.
3. Storage and Memory Management
OS performs memory management and virtual memory
multitasking.
The need for memory management in OS is to allocate and
de-allocate memory space to process in demand of
resources, or if they are running out of memory, that leads
to alerts called file system and disk space is high or full.
4. Disk Management
OS permits disk access to manage files systems, file system
device drivers, and related activities of files like retrieval,
naming, sharing, storage, and protection of files.
5. I/O Operations
OS can effectively handle I/O operations to hide the
peculiar behavior of hardware from the end user.
Notes by Mr. Lokesh Negi, PGT CS
6. Loading and Execution
The group of processors that don’t share a memory or
hardware device is called a distributed system, where
the processor interacts with another device throughout
the network.
OS coordinates and assigns the interpreters, compilers,
and other software resources for the different uses of
the computer system.
Booting is one of the essential features of
the operating system that makes the computer’s OS
start and load the computer to work.
7. Device Management:
An operating system controls the device and printer by permitting a correct
flow. Disk management tracks all hardware connected to the system and the
resource utilized by different jobs and users. It is one of the responsible for the
I/O controller.
Notes by Mr. Lokesh Negi, PGT CS
Boolean Logic
Notes by Mr. Lokesh Negi, PGT CS
What is Boolean Logic?
Boolean Logic, also known as Boolean algebra
was developed by mathematician “George Boole”.
Boolean algebra refers to the branch of
mathematics that basically deals with operations
on various logical values with binary variables.
In our daily life, we need to take logical decisions where answers comes in
either Yes (T) or No (F).
For ex- • Should I have tea?
• Should I see this movie?
• Sun rises in East? etc
The decisions which results in Yes or No only are known as binary
decisions.
Values T and F are known as truth values.
Boolean variables can only be either T or F.
Notes by Mr. Lokesh Negi, PGT CS
Binary numbers represent the Boolean variables in order to
represent truths: 0 = false and 1 = true. It is also called
“Switching Algebra”
LOGICAL
There are threeOPERATORS
prominent logical operators:
NOT
(BAR)
OR(+)
AND
DOT(.)
Notes by Mr. Lokesh Negi, PGT CS
KEY POINTS:
In Boolean Algebra, binary values True and False is called
Truth values and the table that shows it called Truth Table.
If result of any logical statement or expression always true
or 1, it is called Tautology.
If result is always false or 0 it is called fallacy.
Logical AND
It can take two or more than two conditions or
values and performs logical multiplications.
Returns, true if all conditions are true.
Returns, false if any condition is false.
Notes by Mr. Lokesh Negi, PGT CS
Truth Table:
A
A.B
B
X Y X.Y
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Notes by Mr. Lokesh Negi, PGT CS
LOGICAL OR
The Logical OR operator takes more than two
conditions or values and performs logical
addition.
Returns True if any condition is true.
Returns false if all condition are false.
A
A+B
B
Notes by Mr. Lokesh Negi, PGT CS
TRUTH TABLE:
X Y X+Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
Notes by Mr. Lokesh Negi, PGT CS
LOGICAL NOT:
It works only with a single value or condition.
Symbols are Ȳ , ̴ etc.
Returns True if condition is false.
Return False if condition is True.
A A
Notes by Mr. Lokesh Negi, PGT CS
TRUTH TABLE
A A
0 1
1 0
Notes by Mr. Lokesh Negi, PGT CS
BASIC LOGIC GATES:
A Gate is a basic electronic circuit
which operates on one or more
input signals to produce an output Basic
signals. Gates
There are three categories of
Gates:
Gates
Universal Special
Gates Gates
Notes by Mr. Lokesh Negi, PGT CS
GATES
[Link] Gate:
3. Special Gates:
a. AND Gate
b. OR Gate 2. Universal Gates: a. XOR Gate
c. Not Gate b. XNOR Gate
a. NAND Gate
b. NOR Gate
Notes by Mr. Lokesh Negi, PGT CS
Universal Gate:
o NOR and NAND Gates are called Universal Gates.
o You can make these gates with the help of basic gates (NOT,
OR, AND). That is why these are called Universal Gates.
NOR Gate:
The NOR Gate has two or more input signals, but only one
output signal. NOR Gate is inverted OR Gate.
If all the inputs are 0, then output is 1.
If any of the input is 1, then the output is 0.
Notes by Mr. Lokesh Negi, PGT CS
Truth table
A B A+B A+B
0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0
Notes by Mr. Lokesh Negi, PGT CS
NAND GATE:
The NAND Gate has
two or more input
signals, but only one
Truth table
output. A B A+B A+B
NAND Gate is
inverted AND gate. 0 0 0 1
If all the inputs are 1,
then the output is 0,
0 1 0 1
otherwise it 1 0 0 1
produces output 1.
1 1 1 0
Notes by Mr. Lokesh Negi, PGT CS
Special Gates:
XOR Gate(Exclusive OR Gate)
The XOR Gate can have two or more
inputs, but one output.
When there are odd number of 1’s in the
input, then it produces output 1.
otherwise output is 0.
Notes by Mr. Lokesh Negi, PGT CS
Truth table
A B AꚚB
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
Notes by Mr. Lokesh Negi, PGT CS
XNOR GATE(EXCLUSIVE NOR GATE
The XNOR Gate can have one or more
inputs, but only one output.
When there are even numbers of 1’s in the
input, then it produces output 1, otherwise
output is 0.
Notes by Mr. Lokesh Negi, PGT CS
Truth table:
A B AꚚB
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Notes by Mr. Lokesh Negi, PGT CS