Medical entomology and vector

control
At the end of this chapter, you are expected to:
– Definitions
– Impacts of insects on public health
– Mechanisms of disease transmission
– Factors that affect vector effectiveness
– Vectors of public health importance
– Method of vector control
Definition of terms
• Entomology: it is derived from two Greek
words.
• Entomon means an insect and logos means to
study.
• Study of insects and their relationship to humans,
the env’t, and other organisms.
 Medical entomology: is a specialization that
involves the study of those insects that are
medical importance.
 More than 750, 000 species of insects have been
 Definition cont..
 Arthropods: Arthro - jointed & Poda-
legs(Invertebrate animals with jointed-
legs)
• Arthropods comprise a phylum, or group, of
animals with jointed legs
• Insects (subphylum) are arthropods with well-
defined head, thorax and abdomen, three
pairs of legs, antennae, and one or two pairs
of wings.
 Vector - an organism typically a biting
insect that transmits pathogen from host to
host though
 Inoculation of mogs by biting, or depositing
fecal maters in the skin or on food
 Female anopheles mosquito is the
principal vector of malaria
 Culex mosquito principal vector of
elephantiasis
Definition of terms ….
 Endemic: Incidence of a human disease is
localized and stable, and prevalence
remains relatively low & constant.
 Epidemic: an increase, unusual occurrence
of cases of a disease above what is normally
expected in a population.
 Sporadic: a disease that occurs infrequently
and irregularly.
 Pandemic: an epidemic that has spread
 Role of insects in human health

1. Cause diseases directly

 Ectoparasitoses: Ecto meaning “outer.” are
organisms that that usually infect only the
superficial layers of the skin.
 It include temporarily blood-sucking
arthropods like Ticks, Fleas, lice),
 Endoparasitoses: a parasite that lives in the
internal organs or tissues of its hos (malaria)
 Envenomization : The introduction of the
 Role of arthropods in human health cont…
2. Arthropods as vectors and hosts of pathogenic microbes
 Mosquitoes(Malaria), Ticks (Borrelia, TBRF),
 Fleas (Yersinia pestis, Plague),
 Lice (R. prowazekii , epidemic typhus)
 Evolution Vectors
 Taking vertebrate blood as nutrient
(hematophagy)
 Haima - blood and phagein -to eat
 Arthropod utilize nutrients from the blood
meal in various ways:
1. Synthesis of egg yalk
2. Growth and development
[Link] of energy
Blood coagulation and vasoconstriction are
Host location strategies of arthropods:
1. Long distance host localization
 visual cues: Black flies and mosquitoes
prefer certain color while tsetse prefer
large moving objects.
 Odor cues: CO2, Lactic acid, ammonia,
and temperature are important cue for
night feeder insects.
2. Nidiculous (nest-dewelling) life style
 Live on or near their hosts (lice, flea,
 Advantages of insects

i. Pollenization of plants

ii. Natural silk production

iii. Honey & wax production(Serve as food )

iv. Improve soil

v. Predation (spider on small insects)

vi. Scavengers up on decaying organic matter

vii. Important in biological research

 Impacts of insects on public health
[Link] problems
i. Insects eat & spoil grains, seeds flour,
vegetables, fruits
• Grasshopper
[Link] destroy wooden structures,
furniture, clothing material
• Termites - destroy wooden buildings
• Ants, cockroaches -destroy food
IV. Insects destroy growing plants &
 Impacts of insects on public health
2. Accidentally injure our sense organs
– Enter eyes, ears, mouths
3. Allergic reactions(body rxn)
– Allergic reaction like, rash, Irritation &
itching are caused by the following ways:
– When fragments of arthropods inhaled
– When arthropods bite and Odors of
arthropods
4. Dermatitis -Arthropods attack human
Impacts of insects on public health con’t
5. Disease vectors/ disease transmission
 Insects spread disease
– Flies = Leishmaniasis, Onchocerciasis,
Trypanosomiasis
– Mosquitoes= Yellow F, Dengue F, Filariasis,
Malaria
– Lice = LRF & epidemic typhus, R. prowazekii
– Rodents = Salmonellosis
– Fleas = Plague & Endemic typhus(R. typhi)
Impacts of insects on public health con’t

6. Nuisance
– Interference with human comfort
– Buzzing , biting of lice, bed bugs, &
rodents
7. Envenomization
• Apply venom into the body of man
• Wasps, scorpion, snake, & spiders
 Mode of disease transmission
1. Direct contact: arthropods are directly
transferred from man to man through direct
contact
Physical contact with contaminated
surfaces or infected individuals
Active penetration by invasive stages of
parasites
Contact via infected vectors as a result of
their feeding or defecation behavior
Arthropod transmission of
vertebrate parasites
con’t
2. Mechanical: disease causing agents are
transmitted mechanically by arthropods
(diharrial disease).
 Transfer of pathogens from an infected host
or a contaminated substrate to a susceptible
host
 When a vector transports M/Os on its feet,

body hair or other surfaces from filth to

human food or directly to humans
5/9/16
Arthropod transmission of
vertebrate parasites
con’t
3. Biological
 The disease agent multiplies or undergoes
some developmental changes in the vector
or intermediate host
1. Propagative
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]/ hereditary
1. Propagative: the agent multiplies in the
Arthropod transmission of
vertebrate parasites
con’t
2. Cyclodevelopmental:
 An organism undergoes cyclical changes
but does not multiply in the body of the
vector (Filariasis).
3. Cyclo- Propagative
 An organism undergoes cyclical changes
and multiplies in the body of the arthropod
vector e.g Malaria.
4.5/9/16Transovarian/ hereditary/
 Lymphatic filariasis life cycle
• Mosquito takes blood and inject L3(i) in to skin
• It develop in to adult in lymphatics vessels &
produce microfilaria
• Microfilaria circulate in the bloodstream and are
picked by biting mosquitos.
• Mosquito takes a blood meal (ingest microfilaria)(d)
• microfilaria penetrate mosquito mid gut and move
to thoracic muscle
• Then it develops to L1& L3
Mechanisms of parasite transfer by
vectors
 Horizontal transmission (vector to
vector):
[Link] transmission: Transovarially
transmitted (mating)
B. Co-feeding: Feeding in close
proximity(salivary secretions).
 Horizontal transmission (vector to
 Horizontal transmission from vector to vertebrate host:
Assisted escape and passive transfer of pathogens:
 Body lice: releasing the parasites onto the surface of the
host.
 Active escape and active transfer of pathogens:
Transmission occurs during blood feeding (Malaria)
 Ingestion of vector:
 E,g., rodents eating reduvid bugs infected with T. cruzi and
dogs eating fleas infected with dog tapeworm.
 Vertical transmission (vector to
vector):
 Pathogens are passed from the female
vector via her eggs to the next generation.
Infected male sperm fertilizes eggs laid
by non infected females.
 Factors that affect vector effectiveness in diseases
transmission

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] of feeding
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] & behavioral plasticity
 Factors that affect …
1. Receptivity-
– Ability to support the pathogen to develop
2. Specificity ( state of being specific)
– Exclusive to a specific vertebrate host
3. Longevity (length of life)
– Live a sufficient period of time
4. Frequency of feeding
– Nature of vector- host contact frequency
5. Mobility( a state of being mobile)
– Superior mobility aids in the rapid dissemination of pathogens
 Factors that affect …
5. Number
– Large number increases the chance of feeding & infecting the
host
6. Physiological & behavioral plasticity
– Ability to develop resistant mechanism by physiological &
behavioral means
 Vector control con’t
Vectors of public health importance
 Mosquitoes (Yellow fever, Elephantiasis,
Malaria)
 Black Fly (Onchocerciasis)
Sand Fly (Leishmaniasis)
Tsetse Fly (Trypanosomiasis)
 Lice (Epidemic typhus, L-borne RF)
 Fleas (Plague, Endemic typhus)
Thick (Tick-borne relapsing fever)
 Mosquito classification

• Kingdom: Animalia
• Phylum: Arthropod
• Class: Insecta
• Order : Diptera
• Family: Culicidae
• Common Genus : Anopheles,
Aedes, Culex
 Mosquito species

Aedes Culex Anopheles

 Anopheles mosquitos
• About 380 species occur around the world but 60
species vectors of malaria.
• The most preferred breeding sites are pools, slow-
running streams, Artificial containers.
• Anopheles mosquitos are active between sunset and
sunrise.
• Culex mosquitos
• About 550 species
• Vector of filariasis
• Breeding site artificial containers (polluted water )
• Night biter
• Aedes mosquitos
• 950 species
• Vector of dengue, and, yellow fever
• Aedes mosquitos bite mainly in the morning or evening
 Mosquito life cycle
• Life span – 2 weeks
• Complete metamorphosis (egg- larvae-
pupa- adult
• Egg laid in water surface
• White (1-2 hrs)- turns black(3-4 days)-
larvae stage I-IV(6-8 days )- pupa (1-3
days)- adult male and female
 All immature(three stages) of mosquitoes
are aquatic.
 Habitats are stream edges, ponds, marshes,
tree holes, water containers.
 Female mosquitoes have a long slender
proboscis
 Is used to piercing skin & sucking blood.
 The males cannot suck blood but
 Mosquitoes cont…
 Only females are hematophagous
 After blood meal-
 Mating occurs & eggs deposited,
embryogenesis begins
 Females are attracted by sweat, and carbon
dioxide, black object.
 Blood feeding is facilitated -injection of
saliva into the blood
 Blood meals have definite l daily cycles
 Distinguishing of sexes

Antenna: Males have

branched, feathery
antennae called
plumose (with more
hairs) ,
Females have plain
antennae called Pilose
antennae (with few
hairs).
 Differences
Mosqui Egg Larvae Pupa Adult
toes
An.  Cigar-shaped with No siphon and lay comma  Yellow-ish
mosqui flotation structures parallel to water -shaped  Resting postion~45 o
toes  Individual surface.  Night biter
eggs(water surface) floats  Standing & clear water
on top
of the
C.  Elongate-oval  Has siphon and water  Yellow-ish
mosqui  Batches(top of lay vertical to the non-  Parallel to the surface
toes water surface) water surface. feeding  Night biter
 lighter color;  standing & polluted
hairy body water

Ae. elongate-oval  Has siphon &  black and white stripe

mosqui shiny black color lay vertical to the  Day biter
toes Laid singly( water . Flood & clear water
Damp substrates just  lighter color;  prefer artificial
beyond the water hairy body containers
line
 Aedes Culex Anopheles

Egg

Larvae

Pupa

Adult
Cont… An, Culex, Aedes
 Medical importance of Aedes
 The name comes from the Greek
aēdēs meaning "unpleasant"
 Yellow fever - bite of yellow fever

virus infected A. aegypti(Africa)

Aedes albopictus(Asia)
 Dengue fever -bite of dengue
fever virus infected [Link].
 A polynesiensis - lymphatic
filariasis
 2- Culex Mosquito
 3 famous culex species
1. C. pipiens
2. C. quinquefasciatus
3. C. tarsalis
 2- Culex Mosquito

Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus tarsalis

 Medical importance of culex
1. Annoyance pest :
A mosquito bite may induce local
dermatitis or even systematic
reaction in sensitive persons.
2. Lymphatic filariasis
(elephantiasis) caused by filarial
worms (Wuchereria bancrofti,
Brugia malayi& B timori)
 The worms are spread by the
bites of C. quinquefasciatus(C.q)
 a painful & disfiguring disease

 Lymphoedema , thickening of limb

 Lymphatic filariasis life cycle
• Mosquito takes blood and inject L3(i) in to skin
• It develop in to adult in lymphatics vessels &
produce microfilaria
• It circulate in the bloodstream and are picked u by
biting mosquitos.
• Mosquito takes a blood meal (ingest microfilaria)(d)
• microfilaria penetrate mosquito mid gut and move
to thoracic muscle
• Then it develops to L1& L3
Lymphatic filariasis
 Malaria Life cycle
Asexual stage: sporozoites(i) injected by Anopheles
Mosquito into blood and enter liver cells and will become
schizonts & it rupture and release thousands of merozoites release
in the circulation and penetrate the Red Blood Cell and cause
hemolysis and anemia .
Then some parasites develop into male and female
Gametocyte(d)
Sexual stage : male and female Gametocyte are taken up from
blood
The gametocytes emerge from the infected blood cells, becoming
gametes
The male gamete fuses with the female gamete producing a
zygote
 Medical importance of Anopheles
 Malaria transmitted by an infected female

Anopheles mosquito.
 There are about 380 species of anopheline
mosquito, but only 60 are able to transmit
the parasite.
 Five species of Plasmodium: P.
falciparum(60-75%), P. vivax(20-40%), P.
ovale and P. malaria and P. knowlesi.
 Anopheles mosquito- definitive host for
plasmodium parasite
 Medical importance of Anopheles cont..

• Malaria is among the most important causes of

death and illness in Africa,
• Especially children and pregnant women.
• Travelers, tourists and immigrants are at high
risk.
• Plasmodium falciparum occurs in tropical Africa,
Asia, South and Central America Western Pacific
• Plasmodium vivax is almost absent from Africa
but is the predominant in Asia and South and
Central America;.
• Plasmodium malariae is found worldwide but has
a very patchy distribution;
• Plasmodium ovale occurs mainly in tropical West
Africa and rarely in the Western Pacific.
 Anopheles mosquitoes spp
 An. gambiae complex dominates malaria
transmission in Africa. An. gambiae , An.
arabiensis, An. quadriannulatus ,An.
amharicus, An. clouzzi, An. merus, An.
melas, An. Bwambe,
• In Ethiopia, more than 40 spp of An
mosquitoes reported
• Of these, A. arabiensis, A. funestus, A.
pharoensis, and A. nili are the medically
important malaria vectors in Ethiopia.
 Black Flies
 Family the Simulidae, over 1300 known
species
 The 2nd most medically and economically
important insect
 1 to 4 mm in length, black in color with short
leg and antennae
 They lay egg in running & oxygen rich water
and it hatches 1-4 days (tropics)
 larvae can not swim it attached to rocks or
Eyes: A pair of large compound eyes
Female - Dichoptic(Compound eyes may
be placed wide apart)
Male- holoptic(Compound eyes may
meet at the mid line) in males
 Nuisance b/c of their painful bites and it
cause localized swelling & inflammation and
intense irritation of the skin
 They bite and suck blood and transmit
disease
 Causes human onchocerciasis (river
blindness).
 But there is unknown many good things that
makes our life easier
• In Africa the most important species are
Simulium neavei and Simulium damnosum
complex
• Simulium neavei, the East African vector of
Onchocrca volvulus,
 Hosts are located by a cues , visual and
chemical (CO2) & human sweat.
 Blackflies bite in the daytime(Diurnal) and
outdoors

 Onchocerciasis Life cycle
 Black fly (genus Simulium) takes a blood meal
(L3 enter into the bite wound (i) & larvae
develop into adult filaria in subcutaneous
tissues
 Mating occurs in subcutaneous tissue and eggs
mature internally form stage 1 microfilariae and
released into blood stream
• Onchocerca (microfilariae) are ingested during
feeding & it migrates from its midgut to
thoracic muscle
 Medical importance of black fly
 Onchocerciasis (river blindness)
 It is caused by infection a parasitic filarial worm,
Onchocerca volvulus
 Spread by female biting black fly of genus Simulium
• Infection can cause severe itching of the skin, eye
lesions and blindness.
• 2nd leading cause of blindness
• The disease distribution is in West, east and Central
Africa
• It is found Yemen and in Central and South America
• The most heavily infected areas are savanna
regions in West Africa.
Humans are the only known definitive
host
 Black fly simulium spp- intermediate
host
 Phlebotomine Sand Flies, the Psychodidae
 Resting position of adults wings is, held erect in a
“V” position.
 It is distinguished by a dense covering of narrow
scales on head, thorax, legs and wing veins.
 Feeding every other day if hosts are readily available
 Habitats, ranging from semi-desert to rainforest.
 They deposit their eggs in humid places on damp soil
rich in humus
• The life cycle may last from 1 to 4 months, depending
on spp and To (usually < 45 days)
• Short flights and landing, As a result, biting is
 Sand Flies cont..
• Most biting occurs outdoors
• Blood is taken from humans but animals ( dogs,
livestock, wild rodents, snakes)
 Nocturnal feeder

 Of the 5 Psychodid subfamilies , only phlebotaminae

have piercing mouth parts capable of taking blood.

 Sand flies of genus Phlebotomus (old world , Africa,

Europe) and Lutzomyia (new world, America) vectors

of Leishmania.
 After mating and feeding on blood, the adult females

develop eggs and oviposit them singly.

 leishmaniasis life Cycle
1. Sandflies inject promastigotes(i) into skin during blood meals
2. Promastigotes invade macrophages and transform in to
amastigotes
4. Amastigotes(d) multiply in cells of various tissue and infect other
cells
5. Sand fly ingest macrophages infected with amastigotes during
blood meal
6. Amastigotes transforms into promastigote stage in the mid gut
8. They multiply(asexually) and migrate to the proboscis.
 Public health importance of Leishmaniasis
 Leishmaniasis is transmitted by the bite of infected female
phlebotomine sandflies.
 Major Leishmania spp. (e.g., Le. donovani, Le. infantum, Le.
major and Le. Braziliensis, [Link])
 Intermidate host- Sand fly (phlebotomus and lutzomyia spp)
 Definative host – human
 Public health importance of Leishmaniasis
 Visceral leishmaniasis ( VL)- Most sever, caused by protozoan parasites
of L. donovani, L. infantum, or L. chagasi
 Enlargements of spleen & liver, fever
 CL- Most common, caused by L. major and [Link]
 Skin lesions, ulcers on exposed parts of the body, life-long scars and serious disability or stigma
 MCL- partial or total destruction of mucous membranes of the nose, mouth and throat
 less common, caused by L. braziliensis & L. aethiopica
 DCL- least common, occurs when cutaneous lesions expand to the
mucosal region.
 Tsetse flies, Glossinidae
• There are about 30 known species and
subspecies belonging to the genus Glossina.
• Only G. palpalis and G. morsitans group, are
known to transmit sleeping sickness
• The female tsetse fly does not lay eggs but
produces larvae
• The larva develops in the uterus over a
period of 10 days and is then deposited fully
grown on moist soil or sand in shaded places
• Females mate only once in their life and, with
optimum availability of food and breeding
habitats, can produce a larva every 10 days.
 Tsetse flies, Glossinidae
• The flies pass most of their time at rest in
shaded or forested areas.
• The preferred sites are the lower woody
parts of vegetation; in holes of trunks of tree
and between roots
• While searching for food they are attracted
by large moving
• objects, by strikingly blue objects , & CO2.
• Common risk areas where people are likely
to be bitten by tsetse flies are:
• — on forest trails; near water collection
points in forests; in vegetation close to
bathing and water collection sites along the
 Tsetse flies, the Glossinidae …
• A vectors of African trypanosomiasis (Sleeping sickness)
 Both sexes are hematophagous & transmit parasites.

 Serves as both a host and vector for the trypanosome parasites.

 At rest they hold their wings closed like the blades of scissors
Trypanosomiasis life cycle
1. InfectedTsetse fly (genus Glossina) injects metacyclic
trypomastigotes(i) into skin tissue during blood meal.
 The parasites enter the lymphatic system and pass into the
bloodstream
2. Transform into bloodstream trypomastigotes(d)
3. Trypomastigotes multiplies by binary fission in various body
fluid (blood, spinal fluid, lymph)
4. Bloodstream trypomastigotes ingested(blood meal)
Trypanosomiasis life cycle
6. Bloodstream trypomastigotes transforms into procyclic
trypomastigote in tsetse fly’s mid gut
7. Procyclic trypomastigotes leave from mid gut & transform to
epimastigotes
8. Epimastigotes travel and multiply in salivary gland and
transform to metacyclic trypomastigote (I)
Human – intermediate host,
Tsetse fly – definitive host
 Public health importance
• Two distinct forms occur in humans
– African Trypanosomiasis
• Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
• sleeping sickness in East
Africa/Rhodesian African
trypanosomiasis/
• zonotic, acute
• Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
sleeping sickness
• West Africa /Gambian African
trypanosomiasis/
• Anthrophogenic, chronic
Lice, Phthiraptera

Three species of lice have adapted themselves to

humans:
 Head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis),
 Body louse (Pediculus humanus) Family
Pediculidaea
 Crab or pubic louse (Pthirus pubis), family Pthiridae.
 Body louse can transmit typhus fever, relapsing
fever and trench fever
• Occurred in colder areas where people live in poor,
crowded conditions, especially in some highland
areas of Africa, Asia and Latin America.
• The life cycle has three stages: egg, nymph and
adult
 Medical importance of lice
Trench fever(5 day fever) caused by infection with the bacterium Bartonella
Quintana, found in the stomach walls of the body louse
 Transmission occurs through contact with infected louse faeces and
body louse-bite
 relapsing type 5 day fever(intermittent fever), headache, weakness,
muscle and joint pain and sever back pain
Epidemic typhus(louse-borne typhus )- Transmitssed by Rickettsia prowazekii
infected body lice
 R. prowazekii grows in the louse's gut and excreted with feces.
 It transmitted to human through scratches the louse bite and rubs the feces
into the wound.
fever, headache, rash 4 to 6 days later, body and muscle
aches
 Lice cont…
3. Louse-borne relapsing fever
 Transmitted by spirochaete Borrelia recurrentis
infected body lice and
• Humans become infected by crushing infected body
lice
• The disease organisms are thus released and can
enter the body through abrasions, wounds or the
mucous membranes of the mouth.
Prevention
Use of insecticides, clothes should be either burned
and discarded or washed in a hot water,
Ironing of washed cloths
Delousing with insecticidal sprays or lotions or
 Flea, Siphonaptera,
Plague: caused by pulicidae
the Yersinia pestis infected X
cheopsis (rat flea)
Bubonic plague. Swellings (buboes) filled with
bacteria develop in the lymph
• nodes,.
• This form is normally transmitted to humans by
infected fleas.
Pneumonic plague. This is a secondary form in
which the lungs become affected.
• It is highly contagious, the plague bacillus easily
spreading from person to person in sputum or
droplets coughed up or sneezed by sick people.
Septicaemic plague.: occurs when plague
bacteria multiply in the blood,
 Flea, Siphonaptera, pulicidae
 Flea bites infected rat, with bacillus along with
the rat’s blood.
 Bacillus reproduces in flea’s gut and forms a solid
mass blocking the flea’s digestion.
 Block prevents the flow of host blood from the
foregut into the mid-gut and the flea starves.
 X. cheopis regurgitates repeatedly to disrupt the
blockage.
 Some of the Y. pestis are dislodged and
injected into the wound.
Fleas cont..
Murine typhus (Flea-borne typhus)
 Caused by Rickettsia typhi bacteria
• It is transmitted mainlyby rat fleas and cat fleas
• humans can become infected as a result of
contamination from the faeces and crushed
bodies of the fleas.
• Control
Flea control
Insecticidal dusts
Bait situations that contain food or some other
attractant.
 Ticks, Parasitiforms
 3 families: Ixodidae (hard ticks, 650 species,), Argasidae (soft
ticks, 150 species.) and Nuttalliellidae.
 Tick secrete powerful toxins that cause tick paralysis (hard
ticks).
Tick-borne relapsing fever
 Caused by a microorganism of the genus Borrelia. & It is
transmitted by biting soft ticks of the genus
• Tick-borne rickettsial fevers
 Humans become ill when they get bitten by Rickettsia infected
ticks
 or contamination of the skin with crushed tissues or faeces
of the tick.
 Vector control con’t
 Method of arthropods control
 Control targeted at the Host
 Control targeted at the Vector
 Control targeted at the Environment

 Environmental control principles targeted at the:-

[Link] Protection
[Link] Control
[Link] Control
[Link] Control
5/9/16
5. Health Education
 Vector control con’t
[Link] PROTECTION
i. Physical barrier
• Screening of openings
• ITN (insecticide treated net)
• Clothing- long trouser, long sleeved shirts
• Electric sound generator to repeal mosquito
II. Chemical barriers/repellant: Applied to body/clothing
– Diethyl tolumide (DEET)
– Diethyl phthalate( DAMP)
– Benzyl benzoate
5/9/16
 Vector control con’t
III. Environmental control
 Env’tal manipulation
• Removal of vegetation to reduce breeding of shade-loving
mosquitoes
• Planting of vegetation to eliminate sun-loving species
 Drainage of impounded water
 Filling
 Appropriate sitting of houses
 Vector control con’t
General sanitation
– Source reduction
– Removing container-habitats (metal drums, tree-holes,
bamboo stumps, leaf axils, rock-pools , village pots, tin
cans, storage jars, water pots, vehicle tires)

5/9/16
 Vector control con’t
[Link] CONTROL
[Link] insects
Fish (Gambusia affinis), frogs & dragonfly
[Link] & parasites
Viruses, Protozoan, Fungi, Nematode worms, Bacteria
( bacillus thuringiensis subsp, Israelensis)
is a group of bacteria used to control larvae stages of
certain dipterans.
IBti produces toxins & effective in killing various
species of mosquitoes and blackflies
iii. Genetic control
Altering the reproductive potential of vectors by altering
their hereditary material
 Vector control con’t
V. CHEMICAL CONTROL
i. Ultra-low-volume applications
– Application of minimum (15L/ha) of concentrated insecticides
– Malathion, Pyrethroids & Propoxure
ii. Residual house-spraying
– DDT at rate of 2g/m2 at 6 months intervals
– Kill indoor resting (endophilic) adult mosquitoes
iii. Oils
Spraying mineral oils onto the water surface of breeding places to
kill mosquito larvae by poisoning & suffocation
 Vector control con’t
Chemical control con’t
VI. Paris green
– Application of a fine dust of Paris green to breeding places
– Stomach poison to anopheles species etc
5. Health education
Dissemination of information to communities about chain of
disease transmission & prevention & control of vector borne
diseases
“Knowledge is perishable, which
requires continuous update”