NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION

NEURAL SYSTEM

• Lower vertebrate e.g. Hydra: simple neurons

• Insect (e.g. cockroach): ventral /dorsal Double /single solid /hollow
• Vertebrates have more developed neural system
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION
HUMAN NEURAL SYSTEM

The human neural system is divided into two parts :

(i) the central neural system (CNS)
(ii) the peripheral neural system (PNS)

CNS
1 includes the brain and the spinal cord

The nerve fibres of the PNS are of two types :

Aff / eff fibres : nerve fibres transmit impulses from
(a) afferent
tissues/organs to the CNS
(b) efferent
3 fibres : nerve fibres transmit impulses from

CNS to tissues/organs
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION

HUMAN NEURAL SYSTEM

a) somatic neural system

b) autonomic neural system

relay impulses from the CNS to the involuntary organs

and smooth muscles of the body

relays impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles

NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Neuron

Neuron
6 as structural and functional unit of Neural system

Nissl’s granules
found in
• Dendrite
• Cell body
• Axon
 NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Neuron

Myelin sheath around axon is formed by Shawn

9 cells
The gaps between two adjacent myelin sheaths are called nodes of Ranvier
10`

Two types of Schwan cells

• Schwan cells that form myelin
sheath : found in somatic system
• Schwan cell that do not form
myelin sheath : found in
autonomic system / somatic
system / central nervous system
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Neuron

Transmission of impulse
• A) Axon → cyton → dendrite
• B) Dendrite → Cyton → axon
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION

Unipolar / bipolar /multipolar neuron

One cyton One cyton One cyton

One axon One axon One axon
17
No dendrite One dendrite Many
18 dendrite
Unipolar Bipolar
15
Multipolar
embryonic stage Retina
16 Cerebral
19 cortex
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION

Generation and Conduction of Nerve Impulse

Resting neuron
Resting axonal membrane is comparatively more
permeable to potassium
20 ions and nearly
impermeable to sodium
21 ions.

Outside axoplasm charge : positive

22
Inside axoplasm charge : negative
23

Ionic gradient created by

• Leakage of K ion to outside
• Negatively charged protein
24 inside axoplasm

Ionic gradient maintained by

• Na25 K pump
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION

Generation and Conduction of Nerve Impulse

When stimulus is applied

• Neuron becomes freely permeable to Na+ .

• Polarity changes
• Influx if Na is short lived
• K diffuses outside the membrane and
restores the resting potential of the
membrane
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION

Transmission of Impulses

Electrical synapse Chemical synapse

Synaptic cleft absent
26 Synaptic cleft present
27

Neurotransmitter required
Req / not req Neurotransmitter not required
29

Transmission is fast
Slow /fast Transmission is slow
31

Common in body
rare in body
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION

Transmission of Impulses
Impulse (action potential) arrives → synaptic
vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane →
neurotransmitters released in synaptic cleft. →
neurotransmitters bind to their specific receptors,
present on the post-synaptic membrane → ion
channel opens → generate a new potential in the
post-synaptic neuron.
Receptors for neurotransmitter
present on post
Pre / post synaptic membrane

The new potential developed

may be either
Excitatoryexcitatory
/ inhibitory or
inhibitory.
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION

Central Neural System

The brain is covered by 3 layered structure:

cranial meninges (inner to outer)

Dura
34 matter
arachnoid
35 Pia matter
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION

Fore brain

Cerebrum
• Cerebrum forms the major part of the human brain
• Corpus36 callosum connects right and left cerebral
hemisphere Outer / inner
• Cerebrum
38 consist of outer Cerebral cortex (grey
matter ) and 38
inner
39 (white matter) cerebral medulla
• Cerebral cortex contains motor areas, sensory areas
and large
association area (fun : memory and communication)
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION

Fore brain

Thalamus
40
Coordinating centre for sensory & motor signalling (relay
centre).
Hypothalamus
41
Neural role: Control body temperature, urge for eating ,
drinking.
Hormonal role : It contains several groups of
neurosecretory
cells, which secrete hormones called hypothalamic
hormones.
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION

Fore brain

Limbic
42 system
• It is a structure formed by neurons from
Hippocampus, Hypothalamus,
43 Amygdala and
Thalamus
• It is involved in regulation of sexual behavior,
expression of emotional reactions (e.g.,
excitement, pleasure and fear), and
motivation
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION

Mid brain
Pehchaan kaun ?

Midbrain
• A canal called the cerebral aqueduct passes
• four round swellings (lobes) called corpora
quadrigemina
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION

Hind brain

Hindbrain
Pons
45
Pneumotaxic,

Medulla
46
Controls involuntary movements, respiration,
cardiovascular reflexes and gastric secretions

Cerebellum
47 has convoluted surface,

Vomiting centre micturition coordination

centre
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION

Hind brain

Brain51stem = Midbrain + Pons + Medulla

 NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION

REFLEX ACTION AND REFLEX ARC

Reflex action : Sudden , involuntary process, requires involvement of CNS

Spinal cord : Inner → Grey

52 matter
Outer → White
53 matter

Dorsal
54 root : sensory neuron
Ventral
55 root : motor neuron
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION

Sense Organs

• Smell : olfactory receptors

• Taste
56 : Gustatory receptors
 NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION

Eye

External layer
• Composed of avascular a dense57 connective tissue and is
called the sclera
• The anterior portion of this layer is called the cornea.

Middle layer
Vascular / avascular
• Vascular layer called as choroid
• Choroid becomes thick in the anterior part to form the
ciliary body 59
• Pigmented structure - Iris
• Transparent crystalline lens which is held in place by
ligaments
attached to the ciliary body
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION

Eye

Inner layer
• Retina contains three layers of neural cells –from
inside to 60
outside – ganglion cells, bipolar cells and
photoreceptor cells.
• Two types of photoreceptor cells, namely, rods
and cone
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION

Eye

61

62

63
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION

Eye

Blind
64 spot
• Optic nerve leave eye
• Photoreceptor
65 cells are not present in this region

Macula
66
• Yellow spot on retina
• centre of macula
67 is called fovea centralis.
68
• Fovea centralis have densely packed cones Rods(no rods)
/cones
• Resolution : high
High /low

62
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION

Eye

Space between the cornea and the lens :

aqueous
69 chamber -- filled with aqueous humor

Space between lens and retina :

vitreous
70 chamber : filled with gel like vitreous humor

69 70
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION

Mechanism of Vision

Na+
 NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION

Mechanism of Vision

Light induces dissociation of the retinal from opsin

↓
potential
Action potedifferences
n
/ poten diff generated in photoreceptor cells
↓
action potentials generates in ganglion cells optic nerves
to the visual cortex
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION

Ear

Ear
Outer ear :
• Pinna
• external auditory meatus (have wax) : lined
71 by
glandular epithelium
• tympanic membrane (the ear drum) composed of
connective
tissues covered with skin outside and mucus
membrane inside
M/I/S
Middle ear : 73
malleus,
74 incus and stapes,
• The malleus is attached to the tympanic membrane
Incr / decr
and
• the stapes is attached to the oval window of the
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION

Ear

Inner ear : fluid-filled inner ear called labyrinth

consists of two
parts, the bony and the/ perilymph
Endolymph membranous labyrinths.
• Bony labyrinth : Perilymph
Perilymph / endolymph
• Membranous labyrinth : Endolymph 77
• The coiled portion of the labyrinth
Macula is called
/ organ of corti
cochlea
• Sensory organ of cochlea : Organ of corti
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION

Ear

Organ of corti Basilar /

• Located on : basilar
reissner membrane
• Consist of Auditory receptors (Hair cells)
• Thin elastic membrane called tectorial
80 membrane
• Function : responsible for hearing
Balance / hearing
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION

Ear

• Scala vestibuli : filled with perilymph

82
Reissner’s
85 membrane
• Scala media : filled with endolymph
83
Basilar
86 membrane
• Scala tympani : filled with perilymph
84
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION

Vestibular apparatus
Composed of three semi-circular canals and the
otolith (macula
is the sensory part of Saccule and utricle)

Semi-circular canal
• Each semi-circular canal lies in a different plane at
right angles to each
87 other
• Sensory part: crista ampularis
88
• Function: maintenance of balance of the body and
Posture ( in rotational movement )
89
Saccule and utricle
90 (otolith organs)
• Sensory part: Macula 91
• Function: maintenance of balance of the body and
posture