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Thermodynamics of Flow Processes

The document discusses the thermodynamics of incompressible flow processes, focusing on mechanical energy balance, momentum balance, and the concept of lost work due to friction and other losses. It introduces the Bernoulli Equation and the differential form used in compressible flow, emphasizing the relationship between mechanical energy, pressure work, and entropy production. Additionally, it covers practical applications such as pumping power and the effects of flow equipment on energy efficiency.

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ARJUN ABUBAKAR
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18 views19 pages

Thermodynamics of Flow Processes

The document discusses the thermodynamics of incompressible flow processes, focusing on mechanical energy balance, momentum balance, and the concept of lost work due to friction and other losses. It introduces the Bernoulli Equation and the differential form used in compressible flow, emphasizing the relationship between mechanical energy, pressure work, and entropy production. Additionally, it covers practical applications such as pumping power and the effects of flow equipment on energy efficiency.

Uploaded by

ARJUN ABUBAKAR
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Incompressible

Thermodynamics of Flow
Processes
Flow
 Mechanical energy balance
lost work
 Incompressible flow
liquids
 Momentum balance
forces on walls
Mechanical Energy
energy is conserved
entropy can be made two sides of
mechanical energy the same coin
can be ‘lost’
Flow Tube
v2 v 2 t
A2
p2 z2
one-dimensional v f(x )
flow is steady v v t 
no flow through walls

mass transported in t
m v 1A1 t v 2 A2 t
A1 v 1t
v1 p1 z1
Forces and Work
p2 A2 pressure work
shaft work p1A1 v 1t   p2 A2 v 2 t 
p1 p2
m  m
 
friction m w S
shaft work
work
friction work (losses)
 m q0
analysed later
p1A1
v2 Energy Changes
z2
kinetic energy
v 22 v 12
m  m
2 2
potential energy
m gz2  m gz1

mechanical energy increase


z1
= net work applied
v1 yields the ME balance
Mechanical Energy Balance

 p2 v 22   p1 v 12  terms in
  gz2      gz1   w S  q0
  2  2 J kg-1

‘mechanical shaft ‘lost’


energy’ work work

change in ME = net work on system

also known as: Equation of Motion


Bernoulli Equation
Hydrodynamica

look at equipment in
use before we had a
theory of flow!

in the year 1738


Differential Form
differential form used in compressible flow:

dp v2 
 g d z  d  d w S  d q0
  2

pressure potential kinetic shaft losses


work energy energy work per kg
Lost Work and Entropy
relation most simply seen in adiabatic flow:
v2 
ME balance d    d p  g d z d w S  d q0
 2
v2 
energy balance d   d h  g d z d w S
 2

d q0 d h   d p T d s

‘lost work’ proportional to ‘internal’ entropy production

gas dT R dp dh  dp liquid dT dh  dp


ds c p   ds c p 
T M p T T T
Lost Work
lost work = friction = dissipation
Lost Work: Two Ways

via an efficiency

pump or 
Wideal
W 
compressor 
  need more
turbine W Wideal

obtain less

via a loss coefficient


q0
K at inlet
0.5v 12
kinetic energy (usually)
A Valve
flanged
D 1" globe valve
v 1 m s -1
1 2

Bernoulli p1  p2
q0

qo turbulent
design table K  2 = 12
v1 2 flow only

qo 6v 12 6 p1  p2  1000 6 6 kPa


Inlet and Outlet

qo
1 K 2
= 1
v 1 2

turbulent
flow only
qo
2 K 2
= 0.5
v 2 2
downstream
Pipe Section
v
1 2
D

L
qo L
losses are proportional to the length 2
= 
v1 2 D

friction factor  f(Re, )
D
most technical flows: 1

(turbulent: Re > 2000) 50
Equivalent Length
losses often as an ‘equivalent length’

1 2

Leq 1 Leq
K  
D1 50 D1
turbulent
flow only
Application
Reflux Pump
3 v 3 0
accumulator 0.4
0.4 MPa 30 m MPa
0
1m v 0 0
v2
3m
v1 

1 3 W?
v 1 1m s  700 kg m

one gate valve efficiency  0.7 40 m 3" tube


4 m 4" tube two elbows
one elbow one open globe valve (flanged)
Lost Work v3

pipe + valve + 2 elbows + outlet


v0
 40  v 22 v 22
v2    7  2 20   10
.  20
 D2  2 2
2
v1  D1 
v 2   v 1
 D2 

inlet + pipe + valve + elbow


 4  v 12 v 12 v 12 v 22
 0.5    13   20   2 q0 2  20 32 J kg 1
 D1  2 2 2 2
Pumping Power
3 v 3 0
accumulator 0.4
0.4 MPa 30 m MPa
0
1m v 0 0
v2
3m
v1 
W S?

gz3   gz0  w  q0 
 

W ideal
W actual  2.2 kW
W ideal m w 

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