Class 10th One -Shot

LIFE
series

PROCESSES
BIOLOG
Y
 Topics to be
1. Nutrition Covered
2. Respiration

3. Transportati
on

4. Excretion
 What are Life
Processes
The various basic functions performed by living organisms to
maintain their life on this earth are called life processes.

The basic life processes common to all living organisms are are as
follows:

1. Nutrition
2. Respiration
3. Transportation
4. Excretion
Amoeba -
Unicellular

Human - Multicellular
Plant - Multicellular
 NUTRITION
The process by which a living organism obtain and utilise food is
called Nutrition.

Energy

Growth and

Development Repair
 Types of Nutrition
Autotroph Heterotroph
ic ic
Nutrition Nutrition

Organis prepar thei Organisms are

ms own e r dependent
on other organisms for
food. their food.
 Autotrophic Nutrition
1. Photosynthetic Autotrophic
Nutrition
Ex - Green
Photosynthe
Plants
sis
Chloroph (Blue - green
yll algae) Foo
d
Cyanobacter
ia
Glucos
e
 Autotrophic Nutrition
2. Chemosynthetic Autotrophic
Nutrition

Chemicals

Purple - Sulfur Bacteria

NH
4
Chemical Foo
NO energy d
2
NO
3
 Heterotrophic Nutrition
[Link]
2. Saprotroph
ic
3. Parasite
 Holozoic nutrition
The organism feed by ingesting solid organic matter which is
then digested and absorbed into their bodies.

They can be classified as:

● Herbivores
● Carnivores
● Omnivores
 Saprotrophic nutrition
Feed on dead and decaying matter. Include bacteria and fungi
which digest the food externally before the nutrients are
absorbed.

e.g. Yeast, Bread mould, Mushroom, etc.

 Parasite nutrition
Obtains nutrients from living organisms. The parasite obtains
nutrients by living on (External parasite) or in (internal
parasite) the body of the host.

e.g. Lice, TIcls, Leech, Tapeworm

Note - “Cuscuta” is a Parasitic plant because it lacfis

chlorophyll.
 Autotrophic nutrition in
Plants
1. Carbon dioxide (air)

2. Water (soil)

3. Light (sunlight)

4. Chlorophyll
(chloroplast)
Cross-section of a leaf
 Photosynthesis reaction

● Plants store glucose in form of

Starch
● Humans store glucose in form of
Glycogen
 Photosynthesis reaction
1. Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.

2. Conversion of light energy to chemical energy and

splitting of water molecule into hydrogen and oxygen.

3. Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates.

 Stomatal Pore
Stomata are tiny pore lifie structures present on surface
of leaves. Functions of Stomata:
1. Transpiration
2. Exchange of gases during photosynthesis and respiration.
 Opening and closing of
Stomata
● Stomata opens on swelling (H2O
enters) of guard cells.

● Stomata closes on shrinfiing (H2O

Moves out) of guard cells.
 Photosynthesis in Desert
plants
Nigh Da
t y
Stomata Stomata
opens closes

CO2 Foo
d

H2
Glucos
O e
 What happens to the food we
eat?
Ingestion

Digestion

Absorptio

Assimilati
Egestio
n

on
 What happens to the food we
eat?
● Ingestion - The process of taking in the food.
● Digestion - Breakdown of food into smaller components that
can be absorbed into the bloodstream.
● Absorption - The process of absorption of digested food.
● Assimilation - Utilization of digested food for energy
and forgrowth and repair.
● Egestion - Removing undigested food from the body.
Nutrition in Amoeba
Nutrition in Humans
Digestive
System

Alimentary Associated
Canal Organs
● Alimentary Canal : A long hollow tube which contains organs
through which the food actually passes (Oesophagus,
stomach, small intestine, large intestine, etc.).

● Accessory Organs : Organs that helps in digestion but no

food passes through them (liver, pancreas, salivary glands,
etc.).
Mouth (Buccal cavity)
● Food is ingested.
● Crushed and chewed with the help of teeth.
● Food is wetted with saliva to make its
passage smooth.
● Food is mixed with saliva with the help of
muscular tongue.
 Mouth (Buccal cavity)
Mouth

→ Salivary gland

Saliva

→ Watery fluid

Complex sugar

Simple
sugar
Oesophagus (Food pipe)
● Food is pushed downwards due to
rhythmic contraction and relaxation of
muscles and is known as peristaltic
(involuntary) movements.
 Stoma
● J-shaped organ
● Widest part of alimentary
canal
ch
Liver
 Liver
● Secretes Bile Juice.
● Bile juice is stored in gallbladder.
● Bile juice makes food alkaline.
● Bile juice helps in emulsification of
fats.
Liver
 Pancreas
Secretes pancreatic juice which contains enzymes
like :

1. Trypsin : helps in digestion of proteins

2. Lipase : helps in breaking down of emulsified fats.
3. Pancreatic amylase : helps in digestion of
carbohydrates.
 Small intestine
● 5-7 metres long
● Site of final digestion of
food
● Secretes intestinal juice
Small intestine
 Absorption of food in Small
intestine
● Villi are finger-like projections.
● Increases the surface
area for absorption.

● Richly supplied with blood

vessels which take the absorbed
food to each and every cell of
the body.

● Food is utilised for obtaining

energy, building up new tissues
and the repair of old tissues and
and the repair of old tissues.
 Large intestine
(Colon)
Absorption of
Water
 Anus
Removal of undigested and
unabsorbed food
 Why do herbivores have longer intestine than
carnivores?
Herbivores consume producers like plants which contain cellulose in the cell
wall of their cells.
Digestion of cellulose in the gut takes a longer time and hence, the gut of
herbivores is longer than gut of carnivores.
M - Movement
R-
Respiration
S-
Sensitivity
G - Growth
R-
Reproduction
E - Excretion
N - Nutrition
 Respiration
The process by which a living organism obtain energy(ATP) by
breafidown of food in cells.

Note - ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) is the energy currency

of the cell.
Breathing v/s Respiration
 Respiration

Aerobic Anaerobic
Respiration Respiration

Alcoholic Lactic acid

fermentati fermentati
on on
Types of Respiration
*Important
Concept*
 Exchange of gases in
plants
Leaves -
Stomata

O2

CO 2
 Exchange of gases in
plants
The major processes which involve exchange of gases in
plants are:

Respiratio
Photosynthe n
sis
CO 2
O2

O2
CO 2
 Points to Remember!
● Exchange gases through stomata and lenticels.
● The large intercellular spaces ensure that all cells are in
contact with air.
● Carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged by diffusion
here.
● The direction of diffusion depends upon environmental
conditions and the requirement of the plant.
 Respiration in
Human
Passage of air through the respiratory
system.
How does exchange of
gases occurs in
human body?
Alveolus Gas Exchange
Red blood cell

Hemoglobin (Iron containing

protein)

● Binds with O 2 and helps

in O 2 transport.

● CO 2 is transported in
dissolved form.
 Affinity of haemoglobin to
bind:
CO >O2 >
CO 2
Residual Volume
Volume of air remained inside lungs after
forceful exhalation. (1100 -1200 ml)
Respiration
1. Balloon-lifie or sac lifie structure.
2. Walls of alveoli are only one celled thicfi
and provide a surface where the
exchange of gases can tafie place.
3. Contain an extensive networfi of blood-
vessels which helps in exchange of
gases.
● Gills are the respiratory organs for fishes. Fishes take in oxygen
which is dissolved in water through gills.
● Since, availability of oxygen is less in the aquatic environment, so the
breathing rate of aquatic organisms is faster.

● Insects have a system of spiracles and tracheae which is used

for taking in oxygen.
 Transportation
Transportation is a life process where substances synthesized or
absorbed in one part of the body are carried to other parts of the
body.
Food
CO 2 ,
O2 Bloo
Metabolic d
waste
Hormones
 Circulatory System
1. Blood - Fluid Connective
tissue

2. Blood Vessels - Tubes

3. Heart - Pumping Organ

 Blood
Blood is a liquid connective tissue which circulates
throughout the body by pumping action of heart.
Red Blood Cells -
Circular, biconcave and
disc shaped. Appear red
due to the presence of
Haemoglobin.

White Blood Cells -

Large, nucleated and
colourless. Platelets -
Cell fragments.
Function in blood
clotting.
 Types of Blood
Vessels
Transportation is a life process where substances synthesized or
absorbed in one part of the body are carried to other parts of the
body.
 Valves in
Veins
● Prevent backflow of the blood.
● Blood is under low pressure in
veins.
Blood Vessels - Tubes in which blood flows.

1. - Away from the

Artery heart Oxygenated
blood Pressure is
2. high.
Veins - Towards the
heart.
3. Capillaries Deoxygenated
- Exchange of
substances. blood. Pressure is
low.
● Largest Artery: Aorta

● Only artery that carries

deoxygenated blood: Pulmonary
Artery

● Largest Vein: Vena Cava

● Only Vein that carries

oxygenated blood: Pulmonary
Vein
Working of heart:
 Single and Double
Circulation
Double Circulation: In a
single cycle, blood
passes the heart twice.
So, it is called Double
Circulation and it is found
in birds and mammals
only.

Single Circulation: In fishes,

the complete cycle of blood
passes through heart only
once. So, it is called Single
Double Circulation
● Pisces: 2-chambered heart, Single circulation, Cold blooded
● Amphibians: 3-chambered heart, Incomplete double
circulation, Cold blooded.
● Reptiles: 4-chambered heart, Incomplete double circulation,
Cold blooded.
● Aves: 4-chambered heart, Complete double circulation,
Warm blooded.
● Mammals: 4-chambered heart, Complete double
circulation, Warm blooded.
 Why we need chambers in
the heart?
● To prevent mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated
blood.

● More oxygen will be supplied to body organs in

better way.

● Highly effi cient supply to oxygen to the body.

● More respiration leading to more energy production.

 Blood pressure
Pressure exerted by blood in walls of blood
vessel.
1. Systolic Pressure : The pressure of
blood inside the artery during
ventricular systole (contraction).

2. Diastolic Pressure : The

pressure in artery during
ventricular diastole
(relaxation).

Hypertension - high blood

pressure
 Lymph
Lymphatic
System:

Lymph Fluid

Lymph

Vessel

Lymph
Nodes
 Functions of Lymph
● Fluid balance : Drains excess fluid from extracellular space
back into the blood.
● Fat transport : Lymph carries digested and absorbed fat from
intestine and transport to bloodstream.
● Immune System: Transports foreign material (ex-pathogen)
to lymph nodes for disposal.
 Transportation in Plants
● Transportation of water, minerals and food is necessary to
carry out various biological activities.
● The water and minerals are absorbed from the soil by the
roots of the plant and transported to various parts of plants
like stem, leaves and flowers.
● Food is transported from leaves to developing parts of
plants.
● In plants transportation is done by a specialised vascular
system made up of: 1. Xylem 2. Phloem
Transportation in Plants
 Transportation in Plants
Ascent of Sap - Xylem
Transport of water and minerals from root to upward direction
against gravity via xylem tissue.
(1)Tracheid
(2) Trachea or vessel
(3) Xylem parenchyma and
(4) Xylem sclerenchyma.
 Functions of Transpiration:
1. Transpiration helps in the absorption and upward movement of
water and minerals dissolved in it from roots to the leaves.

2. It also helps in temperature regulation.

3. Transpiration helps to get rid of excess water.

 Translocation
● Upward and downward movements to food via
phloem .

● Utilises ATP.

Sieve Phloem
Tubes Fibre
(living) (dead)
Companion
Phloem
Cells
Parenchyma
(living)
(living)
 Excretion
Excretion is the process by which organisms expel metabolic waste
products and other toxic substances from their body.

Metabolic waste:
● Carbon dioxide ● Excess water
● Excess mineral ● Nitrogenous waste - nitrogen
salts containing

Ammoni Ure Uric

a a Acid
Excretory
System
Nephron
1. Glomerular Filtration: Nitrogenous
wastes, glucose, water, amino acid,
excessive salts from the blood are
filtered and initial filtrate enters into
Bowman Capsule of the nephron.
2. Selective reabsorption: Useful
substances like glucose, amino
acids, salts and a major amount
of water from the filtrate are
reabsorbed back by capillaries
surrounding the nephron.
3. Tubular Secretion: Urea, extra
water and salts are secreted
into the tubule which open up
into the collecting duct and
then into the ureter.
Hemodialysis (artificial
kidney)
Plants use different strategies for excretion of
different products:

● Oxygen and carbon dioxide is diff used through stomata.

● Excess water is removed by transpiration.
● Plants can even loose some of their old parts like old leaves
and bark of tree.
● Many plant waste products are stored in cellular vacuoles.
● Other waste products like latex, raisins and gums are stored in
old xylem cells.
● Plants also secrete some waste substances into the soil around
them.
Thank
You!