Unit II-Energy Resources
*Causes ,Effects & Solution of depletion of resource-
Depletion of forest resource-
causes-
[Link] of industries
[Link] of big dams
[Link] use
[Link]
Effects-
[Link] carbon di-oxide level in atmosphere
[Link] warming Increased
[Link] Erosion
[Link] on biodiversity
Solution-
[Link]
[Link] on cutting trees(not needed)
[Link] awareness about effect of deforestation
Depletion of Mineral Resource-
causes-
[Link] of building materials obtained from mines demand
of stone, marble, granite, limestone etc is increasing.
[Link] of use based on fossil fuels(coal,petrol,disel
etc)
Effects-
[Link] environment
[Link] process badly affects marine life.
Solution-
[Link] wastage in process of mining
[Link] synthetic building materials,can reduce load
of natural resource.
[Link],steel,carbon,polyster,polypropylene
Depletion of Water Resource-
Causes-
[Link] of water
[Link] & by-products from industries are polluting not only the
surface water but under ground water as well.
[Link] Demand of water
[Link] due to global warming
Effects-
[Link] activities like productivity loss.
[Link] due to water pollution
Solution-
[Link] Water Harvesting
[Link] Large Reservoirs.
Depletion of Land/Soil Resource-
Causes-
[Link]
[Link] Fire
[Link] work
Effects-
[Link] of land quality
[Link] crop production
Solution-
[Link] Technique like use of biofertilisers &
biopesticides etc to prevent soil from overdose of
chemical & their side-effects.
[Link] awareness to take care of valuable gift by
using this technique
Renewable,Non-renewable & Cyclic Resources
Cyclic Energy Sources-
Some natural resources are Cyclically reused.e.g water
By way of rain fall we receive [Link] life on earth uses water consumption
in various [Link] being 70% water cover earth,due to solar energy,the
surface water evaporates,leads to cloud forming & again there is rainfall.
Therefore it is categorised as cyclic source
Energy Forms(Conventional and Non-conventional)
Classification of energy resource- Sources of Energy
(1)Primary energy sources
Conventional (Non-renewable) sources
eg. Fossil fuels-coal, coke, nuclear fuels
Non conventional (renewable) sources eg. solar energy, wind energy
etc.
(ii) Secondary energy sources
e.g. petrol or gasoline, hydrogen
Conventional and Non-conventional Energy
Sr. No Conventional Energy Non-conventional Energy
1 These are non- are renewable These are renewable sources of energy.
sources of energy.
2 These are categorized as primary These are not categorized further as
and secondary. "Primary" or Secondary".
3 They find both commercial and They are mainly used for household
industrial purposes purposes
4 These are easy to store. These are not easy to store
5 Primary sources e.g.
e.g. Fossil fuels, Solar energy
Crude oil Wind energy
e.g (Tidal) energy
Secondary sources Geothermal
Coal,
coke,Petrol/kerosene/diesel etc
Present Global Energy Use
The energy can be defined as 'capacity to do work
The first law of thermodynamics and other two laws are well known to us which definitely explain the
significance of energy for different areas.
Energy is consumed in various forms such as heat, electricity etc.
The energy is derived from Conventional/(Non- renewable) sources.
e.g. Fossil fuels - coal, coke, nuclear fuels
Over the years due to rapid industrialization and also population escalation the usage of energy has been
increased multifold.
It is also known that the usage of Fossil fuels as compared to other energy sources is maximum, which is
unsustainable
More so, during their use the other environmental issues also have been encountered.
Overall view of this situation has made us more and more aware and concerned for making maximum use of
renewable sources of energy such as solar, wind, tidal etc.
The development of technology to use non-conventional / Renewable sources of energy maximally, so that the
environmental issues get sorted out considerably.
Future Demands of energy sources
The future demands of various energy sources will be increasing, due to,
1. Population rise
2. Life style changes
3. Innovative technologies come in existence
4. More of rural areas get covered with supply of energy sources
5. Increased industrialization
6. Increased infra structural demands and developments
Energy Conservation
• Energy conservation is the act of reducing the usage and wastage of energy.
Switching off the AC, light, etc., when nobody is in the room
• The renewable sources of energy like solar, wind, geothermal, hydropower
etc are available from nature. But for its recurrent use at any time, the
energy needs to be conserved by means of technology. Therefore the
renewable energy is converted in electricity / power and stored for reuse
• Energy conservation day has been celebrated on December 14 every year
since 1991.
• The best examples to demonstrate energy transformation from one form
to another are:
• The microphone is a device to convert sound energy into electrical energy.
• The solar panel is used to convert sunlight to electrical energy.
• Shafts in the windmill rotate to convert mechanical energy into electrical
energy
[Link] solar power
Concentrated solar power systems generate solar
power by using mirrors or lenses to concentrate a
large area of sunlight into a receiver.
4.
Salient Features of Solar Water Heating System:
[Link] Saving- A 100 liters capacity SWH can save 1500 units of
electricity annually.
[Link] for Environment- A Solar Water Heater of 100 liters
capacity can prevent the emission of 1.5 tons of carbon dioxide per
year.
[Link] Life- 15 to 20 years of life span (durability) approximately.
[Link]- Rs.15000- 20,000 for a 100 liters capacity system and Rs.110-
150 per installed liter for higher capacity solar water heating systems.
[Link] Water Heater has the longest warranty period as compared to
other solar energy devices.
[Link] Water Heater is one of the most reliable and durable devices.
Solar Water Heater Working Principle
First of all the Sun rays fall on the Solar Collector, which is consisted a black
absorbing surface (absorber) that absorbs solar radiation, and transfers the heat
energy to water flowing through [Link] this, heated water is collected in a tank,
insulated to prevent heat loss. Then the circulation of water from the tank through
the collector and back to the tank continues [Link] Insulated Storage
Tank of a Solar Water Heater is useful to collect solar energy by collector panels to
store hot water.
Hydroelectric Power
•Hydro means "water". So, hydropower is "water
power" and hydroelectric power is electricity
generated using water power. Potential energy (or
the "stored" energy in a reservoir) becomes kinetic
(or moving energy). This is changed to mechanical
energy in a power plant, which is then turned into
electrical energy. Hydroelectric power is a renewable
resource.
Components Of The Plant And
Their Role In Its Working
Functioning of a hydroelectric power plant
• Hydroelectricity is produced in a hydroelectric
power plant. In this plant, the water is
released from a high location. The potential
energy present in the water is converted into
kinetic energy, which is then used to rotate
the blades of a turbine. The turbine is hooked
to the generator which produces electricity.
Components Of The Plant
And Their Role In Its
Working
• Here are the basic components of a
conventional hydropower plant:
The main components of
hydroelectric power plant
• a) The reservoir: Water from a natural water body
like a river is stored in the reservoir. This reservoir
is built at a level higher than the turbine.
• b) The dam: The flow of water stored in the
reservoir is obstructed by huge walls of the dam.
This prevents the water from flowing and helps us
harness the energy present in it. The dam consists
of gates present at its bottom, which can be lifted
to allow the flow of water through them.
The main components of
hydroelectric power plant
• Most hydropower plants rely on a dam that holds back water,
creating a large reservoir.
• c) The penstock: This connects the reservoir with the turbine
propeller and runs in a downward inclined manner. When the
gates of the dam are lifted, the force of gravity makes the
water flow down the penstock and reach the blades of the
turbine. As the water flows through the penstock, the
potential energy of water stored in the dam is converted into
kinetic energy.
• d) The turbine: The kinetic energy of the running water turns
the blades of the turbine. The turbine can be either a Pelton
Wheel Model or a Centrifugal type. The turbine has a shaft
The main components of
hydroelectric power plant
• The most common type of turbine for hydropower
plants is the Francis Turbine, which looks like a big
disc with curved blades. A turbine can weigh as much
as 172 tons and turn at a rate of 90 revolutions per
minute (rpm), according to the Foundation for Water
& Energy Education (FWEE).
• e) The generator: A shaft runs from the turbine to the
generator. When the blades of the turbine rotate, the
shaft turns a motor which produces electric current in
the generator.
The main components of
hydroelectric power plant
• Giant magnets rotate past copper coils,
producing alternating current (AC) by moving
electrons. (You'll learn more about how the
generator works later.)
• f) Power lines: The power produced in the
generator is sent to various power distribution
stations through the power lines.
The main components of
hydroelectric power plant
• The Generator
The heart of the hydroelectric power plant is the generator.
Most hydropower plants have several of these generators.
Over use of Natural Resources and its impacts on
environment
The natural resources have been over used or over exploited
due to the increased need of [Link] is largely met by
Deforesation,mining,agriculture activities,constructing dam.
Overuse of Forest Resource-
[Link]
[Link] Imbalance
[Link]
[Link] erosion
Overuse of Water Resources-
[Link] up of wetlands
[Link] to aquatic ecosystem
[Link] of habitat for wildlife
Overuse of Mineral Resources
[Link] of biodiversity
[Link] erosion
[Link] water & ground water by chemical emittion
[Link] Pollution
Overuse of Land Resources-
[Link] Degradation
[Link] in Crop production
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]