20ME2E54

PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Semester - IV
B.E Mechanical Engineering

Academic Year : 2023-24

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 VISION & MISSION OF THE COLLEGE

VISION
To develop into a leading world class Technological University
consisting of Schools of Excellence in various disciplines with
a co-existent Centre for Engineering Solutions Development
for world-wide clientele.

MISSION
To provide all necessary inputs to the students for them to
grow into knowledge engineers and scientists attaining.
• Excellence in domain knowledge- practice and theory
• Excellence in co-curricular and Extra curricular talents
• Excellence in character and personality

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 VISION & MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

VISION
The Department of Mechanical Engineering excels in
Engineering Education and building enterprising
professionals commendable with creativity, research and
employability, meeting the requirements of potential
recruiters.

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 VISION & MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT
(Conti…)

MISSION
The Mission is to provide quality engineering education that
equips the students with adequate knowledge in mechanical
engineering to become successful professionals for serving the
needs of the society.

The department strives to prepare the students to adorn

themselves with effective communication, intellectual abilities,
teamwork and professional ethics for valuable contribution in their
career.

The department aims to motivate the students to orient

themselves towards research and life-long learning to act upon
the changing needs of the stakeholders. 4
 Programme Educational
Objectives (PEOS)

The graduates will demonstrate the following, after few

years of their graduation
1. The graduates offer rationale solutions while designing and
manufacturing of mechanical as well as allied engineering
systems through the use of their knowledge in Mathematics,
Physical Science, Engineering and Technology.

2. The graduates demonstrate the professional skills with

confidence to seek solutions to the tasks with due
consideration on social, environmental, economical, and
ethical values.

3. The graduates communicate effectively and engage in life-

long learning for personal and professional growth.
 Programme Outcomes (POS)

Engineering Graduates will be able to

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,

engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution
of complex engineering problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and
analyze complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions
using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering
sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex
engineering problems and design system components or processes that
meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health
and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based
knowledge and research methods including design of experiments, analysis
and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid
conclusions.
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 Programme Outcomes (POS)
(Cont…..)

5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques,

resources, and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction
and modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding
of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual
knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues
and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional
engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the
professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental
contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable
development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.
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 Programme Outcomes (POS)
(Cont…..)

9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a

member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

[Link]: Communicate effectively on complex engineering

activities with the engineering community and with society at large, such as,
being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design
documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear
instructions.

[Link] management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and

understanding of the engineering and management principles and apply
these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage
projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

[Link]-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and
ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest
context of technological change.
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 Programme Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

Graduates of Mechanical Engineering at the time of

graduation will be able to
1. Design, model and analyze mechanical components as
well as systems using Engineering and computational
tools

2. Identify and plan the manufacturing methods and

processes for mechanical components and systems with
due consideration on quality and economy

3. Analyze, evaluate and design thermal systems by applying

thermal engineering concepts and simulation methods.

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 Module - III

PROJECT PLANNING AND SCHEDULING

Work breakdown structure, Work packages estimate,

Project scheduling, PERT & CPM networks, Gantt
chart, Lean Project Management and Agile Project
Management.

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11
Introduction

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Project Planning

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Cont..,

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Introduction : Project Scheduling

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Cont.,

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Concept of Planning and
Scheduling

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Cont.,

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Cont.,

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Cont.,

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Cont.,

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Cont.,

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Cont.,

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Monitor & Control

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Cont.,

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Scheduling Principles

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 Cont.,

PERT – Project Evaluation and Review Technique.

CPM – Critical Path Method.

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Cont.,

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Cont.,

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PERT

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Creating Schedule

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Precedence Diagram

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Early Event Times

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Late Event Times

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Critical Path

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Activity- Time data

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Gantt Chart

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Gantt Chart

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 Work Breakdown Structure

A work breakdown structure is a hierarchical decomposition of an entire project

into smaller and more manageable components or tasks. A work breakdown
schedule, on the other hand, is a time-based plan that shows the duration and
order of each task in the work breakdown structure.
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Work Breakdown Structure

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Breaking Down the Work

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 Follow-up

Definition
Follow-up is defined as “the monitoring and evaluation
of the impacts of a project or plan for management of,
and communication about the performance of that project or
plan”. However, to avoid overlapping with the participatory
monitoring and evaluation and operation and
maintenance phases.

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 Follow-up

Follow-up as spin-off projects: A project that exploits or builds

on earlier work or that repeats something that has already been
done.
Follow-up as internal supervision of completed projects: The
continuous monitoring of the activities by the project
implementers, and possible improvements to the existing project.

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 Follow-up
Follow-up as spin-off projects:
Follow-up is a key mechanism for feedback: It allows to
learn from the experiences of previous projects and allows to share
these outcomes with the development and scientific community.
In particular, without some form of follow-up, the benefits of
the projects and the outcomes will remain unknown. By
incorporating feedback into the planning process, follow-up assesses
the impact and thereby enables learning from experience to occur.
Through activities such as monitoring and evaluation,
follow-up provides concrete evidence of outcomes This knowledge
can be utilised by the implementers or other agencies alike to
improve future projects.

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 Follow-up
Spin-off projects are to some extent easier to carry out, as they
build on previous experiences. During the planning of spin-off projects,
it is necessary to include the lessons from the previous projects, based
on the findings in the participatory monitoring and evaluation and
follow-up processes.
• Which were the problems that we faced?
• What could have been done to avoid these problems?
• Did we learn something new about the technology implemented?
• Is there any change in the technology that could be implemented?
• Are the end-beneficiaries satisfied with the project?
• Could we have approached the end-beneficiaries in a different way?
• Is there any project-component we did not include?

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 Follow-up
Follow-up as internal supervision of completed projects:
Follow-up provides the missing link between planning and
continued project implementation.
Follow-up links the pre- and post- decision stages of planning,
thereby overcoming the gap that arises when there is a difference between
project plans and their implementation.
Follow-up not only provides information about the consequences
of a project, but it also gives the agencies the opportunities to implement
measures to mitigate or prevent negative effects.
Unless there is minimum follow-up capability, the project operates
as a linear rather than iterative process and lacks continuity.

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 Follow-up
Purposes of Follow-up
Control of projects and their impact: follow up provides both verifying and
controlling functions for implemented projects.
Maintain decision-making flexibility and promote an adaptive
management approach: feedback from follow-up programmes provides
opportunities for project managers and regulatory agencies to respond when changes
in an activity, in the environment or in the social-political context call for an
adaptation of current practices.
Improved scientific and technical knowledge : many activities involved in
projects might be based on scientific methods. Some follow-up activities evaluate
the utility and effectiveness of these tasks. Follow-up will allow the better
understanding of new technologies and approaches, which may result in improving
the quality of measures or techniques used in future projects.
Improve public awareness and acceptance: on-going follow-up programmes
may improve public awareness about the actual effects of development projects,
leading to improved public acceptance of proposals. 55
 Follow-up
Follow-up (Supervision) Programme Design
 Determination of Need and Scope
 Defining Tools, Methodology and Time-Plan
 Financing the Follow-up Programme
 Determination of Roles and Responsibilities
 Gathering Data and Evaluation
 Reporting

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 Follow-up
Advantages:
• Managers and other stakeholders including donors need to know the
extent to which their projects are meeting their objectives and
leading to their desired effects.
• Follow-up builds greater transparency and accountability in
terms of use of project resources
• Internal follow-up alerts managers to actual and potential project
weaknesses, problems and shortcomings before it is too late.
• Future planning and programme development is improved when
guided by lessons learned from experience.
• Successful implemented projects serve as reference for future
applications for funds.

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 Follow-up
Disadvantages:
• Internal follow-up of projects require human power and extra
activities, which are mostly not financed by the funding agency
after the project completion.
• To follow-up completed projects might deviate the attention and
efforts of the members of the team working in new projects.

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 Objectives of Project Evaluation

Project
 A project is a set of interrelated tasks to be executed over a fixed
time period and within certain cost and other limitations.
 An individual or collaborative enterprise that is carefully planned
to achieve a particular aim.

Project Evaluation
 Project evaluation is a systematic and objective assessment of
an ongoing or completed project.
 The aim is to determine the relevance and level of achievement
of project objectives, development, effectiveness, efficiency,
impact and sustainability.
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 Objectives of Project Evaluation
Why is it Important to Evaluate?
Evaluation is a process that critically examines a program. It
involves collecting and analyzing information about a program's
activities, characteristics, and outcomes. Its purpose is to make
judgments about a program, to improve its effectiveness, and/or to
inform programming decisions.

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 Objectives of Project Evaluation
The objectives are the milestones in reaching the project aim.
These are generic objectives, create ones that are specific to your
project:
 Analyses the process of implementation
 Focusing on participation of the community
 Assure Quality of Project Management
 Assure Quality of Products and Services
 Asses and Enhance Project Performance
 Provide Learning Opportunities
 Analyses the impact or changes
 Identify problems
 Modifying according
 Identify project Risk.
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 Objectives of Project Evaluation
 To Improvement
 Best use of resources
 Successful completion
 Planning for Future
 Decision making
 Lessons to be learnt

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 Objectives of Project Evaluation
Analyses the process of implementation
It scrutinizes the project life cycle system by evaluating. During the
implementation review, the project evaluation assesses and validates the
implementation on each site that implements the new solution.

Focusing on participation of the community

Project Evaluation focuses on the participation of community as well as
the communication of a project towards the community.

Identify problems
Identify all problems and constraints that have been encountered.
Discovering problems along the way allows the project team to provide
solutions. It also helps prevent future recurrence of similar issues

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 Objectives of Project Evaluation
Lessons to be learnt
Providing reviews and feedbacks allow individuals and project
teams to reflect on their performance. The results aim to re-energize the
project teams to improve their performance, resolve conflicts and learn
from their past mistakes.
Assure Quality of Project Management
A project evaluation assures that project management is meeting
the standards that follows the organization’s policies, processes and
procedures.
Assure Quality of Products and Services
A project evaluation acts as a quality assurance instrument. It
checks the quality and services of a project and its employees .

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 Objectives of Project Evaluation
Analyses the impact or changes
All the changes that have occurred within beneficiary
stakeholders and the community.

Identify project Risk

Project evaluation helps to identify project risks that may
involve budget, time, scope and quality.

Asses and Enhance Project Performance

Evaluating the various phases in the project can help to
improve performance of the project team. It also helps to achieve the
outcomes that are already fixed for the project.
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 Objectives of Project Evaluation
Best use of resources
It also improves resource and budget allocation. Identifying
priorities, corrective measures and preventative actions can lead to a
successful project outcome.
Modifying according
Project Evaluation helps to modify the project according to the
need of community , time or effectiveness of the project.
Planning for Future
Project Evaluation helps to make recommendations for the
implementation of future projects.
To Improvement
It scrutinizes the methodology used to help identify the gaps in
order to make the necessary improvements.
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 Objectives of Project Evaluation
Provide Learning Opportunities
A project evaluation can lead to learning opportunities through
assessments of project management (organizational, team and
individual) competency.
Successful completion
Project evaluation leads to a successful completion and helps to
achieve the fixed targets.
Decision making
Identifying problems earlier helps address problems and make
decisions whether the project should continue by making a go/no-go
decision in each phase.

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 Evaluation Types
• Formative Evaluation
• Process Evaluation
• Outcome Evaluation
• Economic Evaluation
• Impact Evaluation
• Summative Evaluation
• Goals-Based Evaluation

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 Economic appraisal
What is economic appraisal?
Formulating an appraisal
 Defining the problem to be analysed;
 Specifying alternative ways of dealing with the
problem;
 Assessing the costs and benefits of the alternatives;
 Summarizing the results; and
 Deciding.

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 Economic appraisal
Types of economic appraisal
 Cost-benefit analysis (CBA)
 Option Appraisal (OA)
 Cost-consequences analysis (CCA)
 Cost-effectiveness Analysis (CEA)
 Cost-utility analysis (CUA)

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 Economic appraisal
Cost-effectiveness Analysis (CEA)

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 Rate of Return
What Is a Rate of Return (RoR)?
A rate of return (RoR) is the net gain or loss of an
investment over a specified time period, expressed as a
percentage of the investment’s initial cost. When calculating the
rate of return, you are determining the percentage change from
the beginning of the period until the end.

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 Net Present Value
What is Net Present Value (NPV)?
Net present value (NPV) is the difference between the
present value of cash inflows and the present value of cash
outflows over a period of time. NPV is used in capital
budgeting and investment planning to analyze the profitability of
a projected investment or project.

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 Payback period

Payback period, or “payback method,” is a simpler

alternative to NPV. The payback method calculates how long it
will take for the original investment to be repaid. A drawback is
that this method fails to account for the time value of money.

Internal rate of return (IRR) is very similar to NPV

except that the discount rate is the rate that reduces the NPV of
an investment to zero. This method is used to compare projects
with different life spans or amount of required capital.

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 Internal Rate of Return

What is Internal Rate of Return (IRR)?

The internal rate of return is a metric used in financial
analysis to estimate the profitability of potential investments. The
internal rate of return is a discount rate that makes the net present
value (NPV) of all cash flows equal to zero in a discounted cash
flow analysis.

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