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Integrated Perspectives on
Business Problems
Module 2: Stakeholder
Management and Design
Thinking
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Learning Objectives.
• Explore stakeholders with a bit of perspective.
• Stakeholders and their impact.
• Explain the Design Thinking (DT) concept and its design
principles.
• Reflect on two Design Thinking frameworks: Stanford’s
[Link] model and Double Diamond Model
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Stakeholders with a bit of Perspective
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Name all the different positions, jobs, or roles of
the people you would find on a cruise ship.
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Who is the most important? Who plays the
most critical role?
On a cruise ship, who or which position is the most
important? Why?
Each team will report on their discussion and will defend their
decision.
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Discussion questions.
1. What were your initial responses? (for example, captain, engineer, housekeeper,
social director, chef, etc.)
2. In your discussion with your team, did you find it easy to convince them of your
selection? Why or why not?
3. Did any of you change your mind? What convinced you to do so?
4. Is it always important to reach consensus within a team? Why or why not?
5. What are some similar situations where it benefits the team to achieve
consensus?
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Stakeholders
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What are stakeholders?
Stakeholders are individual or group that can affect or be
affected by the achievement of an organisation’s objective
(Freeman 1984) without whose support an organisation
would cease to exist (Stanford Research Institute 1963).
Stakeholders are entities (that can be individual or group)
that have some interactions with an organisation and are
interdependent to some level (Carroll 1993).
Stakeholders are a group or entity that has a legitimate
interest in the components of organisational activities and
has power to affect or has its stake in the organisation
(Donaldson & Preston 1995)
Stakeholders are entities that not only are powerful enough
to influence an organisation and be affected by the
organisation’s achievements and outcomes but also they
claim a call for immediate attention (urgency).(Mitchell et
al.,University
RMIT 1997) 8
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Stakeholders.
• Internal stakeholders are people whose
interest in a company comes through a
direct relationship, such as employment,
ownership, or investment.
• External stakeholders are those who do
not directly work with a company but are
affected somehow by the actions and
outcomes of the business. Suppliers,
creditors, and public groups are all
considered external stakeholders.
Fernando, J. (2022). What is a stakeholder? Taken from: [Link]
[Accessed on October 26, 2022]
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Stakeholders: The Other Actors
External Stakeholders or Other Actors
• Suppliers
• Intermediaries
• Competitors
• The Publics
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Multi-Stakeholders
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When it comes to stakeholders, consider the following:
• Geography: Does the issue affect people in a certain geographic location, such as a neighborhood,
city, or county?
• Activities/Habits: Does the issue affect people who engage in specific jobs, such as gyms, tourism
and hospitality or buying a certain type of product?
• Finances: Does the issue affect anyone’s pocketbook because the issue is costing or saving them
money?
• Demographics: Does the issue particularly affect certain kinds of people, such as children,
customers?
• Personal Concern: Does the issue affect people simply because they care about it? Often, deep
concern or emotion makes people passionate about an issue that doesn’t affect them otherwise.
• Occupation: Does the issue affect people who are engaged in a certain kind of job?
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Activity 2.1
Identify the Survival Skills Vietnam stakeholders.
Who are they? What’s in their interest?
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Stakeholder mapping. How much impact do
the stakeholders have?
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Activity 2.2
Categorize stakeholders and handing strategies
Stakeholder mapping
• Based on the outcomes of Activity 2.1,
evaluate the interest and influence of
different stakeholders of SSVN.
• Compile a Stakeholder map for SSVN.
• What key advice(s) your team will give
SSVN?
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Design thinking
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Why Design Thinking? (1)
Design Thinking is a process that helps us to integrate and apply
creativity and skill sets to solve problems and deliver value to a
user or stakeholder.
• Design is a creative process which utilises skill sets to transform information
and ideas into a tangible outcome, i.e. a solution.
• Design produces a solution which results in a new or improved product or
service
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What is Design Thinking? (2)
Design Thinking applies critical thinking and approaches used by
designers to solve problems and meet the following criteria:
Human desirability
Technological feasibility
Business viability
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Analytical Thinking vs. DT
Differentiation between Analytical Thinking and DT?
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Principles of Design Thinking
Human-centered Co-creative Transformative
Experimental Holistic
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Design Thinking Framework (1)
Stanford’s
[Link]
model
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Design Thinking Framework (2)
Double
Diamond
Model
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Thank you
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