Modeling
The use of modeling in psychotherapy was influenced by the research of
social learning theorist Albert Bandura, who studied observational
learning in children, particularly in relation to aggression (Bobo Doll
Modeling: Experiment).
Modeling effects have been shown to be more powerful when:
The model is highly skilled in enacting the behavior; is likable or
“A technique used in cognitive behavior admirable; is friendly; is the same sex and age; and is rewarded
therapy and behavior therapy in which immediately for the performance of the particular behavior.
learning occurs through observation and The target behavior is clearly demonstrated with very few
imitation alone, without comment or unnecessary details; is presented from the least to the most difficult
reinforcement by the therapist. (APA level of behavior; and several different models are used to perform
Dictionary of Psychology, n.d.).” the same behavior(s).
It involves the use of live or symbolic Rationale:
models to demonstrate a particular Modeling therapy is based on social
behavior, thought, or attitude that a learning theory. Psychologist Albert Bandura developed social
client may want to acquire or change. learning theory in, proposing that most human behavior may be
Modeling is sometimes called vicarious learned through observation (Bandura, 1977). With behavior
learning, because the client need not modeling, and individual can observe a behavior, form an idea of
actually perform the behavior in order how it’s performed, and later use that cognitively coded information
to learn it. to serve as a guide for that behavior . The technique has been used to
eliminate unwanted behaviors, reduce excessive fears, facilitate
learning of social behaviors, and many more. Modeling may be used
either to strengthen or to weaken previously learned behaviors.
Types of Modeling:
• Live modeling refers to watching a real person, usually the therapist, perform the desired behavior the client
has chosen to learn.
• Symbolic modeling is a procedure in which the individual only observes, but does not also practice, a
modeled behavior as enacted in film, videotape, or other media.
• In participant modeling, the therapist models anxiety-evoking behaviors for the client, and then prompts the
client to engage in the behavior. The client first watches as the therapist approaches the feared object, and then
approaches the object in steps or stages with the therapist's encouragement and support.
• In covert modeling, clients are asked to use their imagination, visualizing a particular behavior as the therapist
describes the imaginary situation in detail.
Procedure of Modeling Technique
Attention:
Therapist first ensures client is paying close attention to the desired
behavior being modeled. This might involve explaining the behavior's
significance and creating a captivating scenario (Bandura, 1986).
Modeling:
Therapist, or a model (live or via video), demonstrates the target
behavior. This can be done directly or through various methods like role-
playing (Homme et al., 1963).
Retention:
Therapist assesses client's memory of modeled behavior. This can
involve asking client to recall the steps or having them verbally rehearse
them (Bandura, 1986).
Procedure of Modeling Technique
Motor Rehearsal:
Client practices the modeled behavior overtly, either alone or with
the therapist's guidance (Bandura, 1986).
Performance Feedback:
Therapist provides constructive feedback on the client's
performance, highlighting both strengths and areas for improvement
(Homme et al., 1963).
Generalization:
Therapist works with the client to apply the learned behavior to real-
life situations (Bandura, 1986).
Clinical Applications of Modeling Technique
Anxiety Disorders:
Used to expose individuals with phobias to their feared stimuli in a safe and
controlled environment. Therapist-led or video demonstrations of calm interaction
with the feared object/situation can effectively reduce anxiety (Öhman et al., 1995).
Social Skills Training:
Modeling positive social interactions beneficial social anxiety or autism
spectrum disorder. Therapists demonstrate effective communication and social
skills, allowing clients to observe and replicate these behaviors (Stokes & Baer,
1977).
Habit Formation:
Modeling healthy behaviors can motivate clients to adopt positive changes.
Therapists can use video demonstrations or role-playing to showcase healthy eating
habits or exercise routines (Bandura, 2004).
Clinical Applications of Modeling Technique
Pain Management:
Observing others successfully cope with pain increase a client's self-
efficacy for managing their own pain. Therapists use video demonstrations of
relaxation techniques or coping strategies employed by others (Andrasik &
Blanchard, 1986).
Enhancing Treatment Adherence:
Observing others successfully following treatment protocols can improve a
client's adherence to therapy recommendations. Therapists can utilize video
testimonials or client success stories to demonstrate the benefits of following
through with treatment (Kazdin, 2008).