ETHICS

TERMS
NEGATIVE
1. Iron cage reality by Max weber  bureaucracy puts
POSITIVE
us in a cage, which limit our liberty
1. Principled realism 
2. Travesty of justice 
2. Dance of democracy 
3. Turpitude in activism 
3. Intellectual activism 
4. Administrative Animosity/Apathy 
4. Pragmatic learning 
5. Rule of Men & not Rule of Law 
5. Tryst with destiny 
6. Rule by law & not rule of law 
6. Cooperative & coordinative attitude
7. Jingoism 
7. Spreading wings of generosity, humane values
8. Cartographical aggression 
8. Categorical imperative 
9. Neo-colonialism 
9. Progressive outlook 
10. Insularity of Outlook (Parochial) 
10. Outward looking rather than inward looking
11. Caged parrot + Clawless tiger  misuse of position
11. Transformative criticism 
by independent bodies
12. Invisible infrastructure 
12. Tort of misfeasance, malfeasance 
13. Trusted Steel Frame 
13. Soft society / throwaway culture
14. Role-oriented 
14. Sleepy society 
15. From Trusted Steel frame to Rusted Steel Frame
16. Rule oriented  and not Role-oriented
CIVIL SERVICES
Definition of civil
services
Quotes regarding civil
services
Characteristics of CS
Roles of Bureaucracy
CIVIL SERVCIES

QUOTES
1. Deepak Gupta, former UPSC chairman, in his book
1. Termed by Jacques gournay  max weber characteristics
the steel frame  “quality of governance being the
2. Sardar Patel  Civil servants or Bureaucrats are Local
key differentiator between developing and developed
administrators with National Outlook or Top Policy
countries“
makers with Grassroot Knowledge
2. Sardar vallabhai Patel  “remove this [AIS], I see
• Ambassadors of governments
nothing but chaos in country”
1. Max Weber  characterized by
3. Lal Bahadur Shastri  Not just to implement
• HDFC IC
government policies, but to protect & safeguard
nation’s conscience & its basic humanitarian values
CIVIL SERVCIES “ROLES OF BUREAUCRACY”
1. Deepak Gupta  improving the Quality of
governance which is the key differentiator btw
Developing & Developed Countries
2. Lal Bahadur Shastri 
3. Promoter of Rule of law & constitutional morality
4. Constructive thinker + Critical Analysts
5. Crisis manager +Optimistic leader
6. Dynamic programme manager
7. Proactive policy formulator
8. Public relations expert
9. Public interest broker
10. Humanitarian employer
11. Social change agent

HDFC IC
CIVIL SERVCIES ROLE
ROLE OF BUREACUCRACY
1. Bridging trust deficit by promoting Grievance redressal mechanism 
• Arun Kumar Lakhina in Ahmednagar
1. Better Realisation of Representative Democracy by Promoting “Participatory Governance” 
• Pune Municipal Commissioner “Participatory Budgeting”
1. Standing for Conscientious activism  Rule of LAW
• Dr PC Alexander refuting Political favours from PMO in 1970’s
1. Bringing in Innovation & efficiency 
• Sreedharan  called as Metro man
• Rahul Kumar  used indigenous innovation to tackle covid-19
1. Manifesting technology for Good Governance 
• Ritu Maheswari installing Smart Electric meters for preventing theft of electricity
1. People-centric governance 
• Armstrong pane  people’s road Btw assam-nagaland
• Vekateshwaram Burra  ASHRAYA initiative for
• Community Friendly policing by DC Rajappa
1. Crisis manager during adverse times 
• CS Rathore
1. Creation of Welfare State [A-38] 
• Anil Swarup “Nexus of Good”
OVERALL ROLES OF BUREAUCRACY: FOUNDATIONAL VALUES:
TIN PWD RQ TIIC PWD EAAT
1. Quality of governance  1. Empathy & Compassion 
2. Lal Bahadur Shastri  Nation’s consciousness 2. Accountability 
3. Reduces trust deficit  grievance redressal 3. Aptitude & Attitude 
4. Promotes people centric  4. Transparency 
5. Better realisation of “Representative Democracy” 5. People-centric 
 Participatory Governance 6. Welfare state 
6. Innovation & efficiency  7. Dedication 
7. Creation of Welfare State  8. Tolerance 
8. Promoter of Rule of Law  9. Integrity 
10. Innovation & Efficiency 
11. Conscience 
CIVIL SERVCIES GOOD EXAMPLES
EMPATHY & COMPASSION:
MAINTAINING RULE OF LAW & OBJECTIVE APPROACH &
1. Venkateshwara burra initiating ASHRAYA  a
POLITICAL IMAPRTISANSHIP
ngo for mentally challenged people,
1. K Subramaniyam  “No 1st Use Policy”
2. P Narahari  implementing ODF & community
2. Nirmal Mukherjee  saying no to pm indira Gandhi
toilets
during emergency
3. Project udhyam by meghnath reddy in TN for
3. RN Ravi  interlocutor bet govt & naga’s because of
building home based toilets for BPL
his impeccable record as impartial IPS officer
4. Param iyer in SBM Toilets building
4. Anil kumar lakihna  brought about changes in
grievance redressal mechanism, record keeping
systems in Ahmednagar

WELFARE SERVICES  PUBLIC ENTERPRISES

1. Armstrong pane who constructed a 100km long
ETHOS OF GOVERNANCE road connecting assam - nagaland
1. DC Rajappa  community friendly policing in 2. Sreedharan  metro man
Karnataka 3. Ms girija “collector of Pathanamthitta, who
revived/reinvigorated the Karimaramtodu
stream which had been blocked for years run
again”
4. Anil Swarup  nexus of good,
CIVIL SERVCIES GOOD EXAMPLES
WOMEN EMPOWERMENT- HARBINGERS OF SCIENTIFIC & TECH
1. Devansh Yadav – SHG’s to start DEVELOPMENT+ INNOVATION + EFFICEINCY
making sanitary pad units, 1. Ritu Maheswari  digital smart meters for
2. “chuppi todd initiative”[breaking preventing theft of electricity
silence of women] by arif saikh 2. Rahul kumar, a DM in bihar used indigenous
techs for tackling covid 19 pandemic
CIVIL SERVCIES CHALLENGES
CHALLENGES IN CSE
CHALLENGES IN CSE
1. Politics of appearances than governance 
1. Issues over Transfer industry & Punishment
• Parachute Bureaucracy in Naxal & tribal areas
Postings 
1. Politicisation of bureaucracy 
2. Blatant Contempt And Summoning proceedings 
2. Blame culture among bureaucrats  IPS Roopa vs IAS rohini
when refused to obey political favours
case in karnataka
3. Unpragmatic, Un-Substantiated criticism By Mass
3. Vohra committee  political nexus btw bureaucratic executive
Media  often calling them as babus, which
and political executive
disparages the morale, dignity of officers
4. From Trusted Steel Frame  Rusted Steel Frame
4. Flawed system of Promotion & Incentives D
• Pooja Singhal Case Corruption
Subbarao  mere completion of targets over
• Pooja khedkar case tort of Malfeasance
effectiveness of work
• Flaunting of coercive power [Power Paradox]Bareilly SDM
5. “Whole-sale Training of Civil servants”  need is
incident
“Customized training modules”
1. “Glorified central services”  elitist trends [Maa-Baap
attitude]
2. Regulatory Cholesterol  civil service being regulator than
Facilitator [Vijay Kelkar]
3. Hong kong based risk consultancy agency  says indian
bureaucracy as “Suffocating Bureaucracy” & slow and painful
process in working with IAS
CIVIL SERVCIES CHALLENGES
WAY FORWARD:
1. CHANGE oriented Bureaucracy 
• Clarity of Vision
• Heart & soul in project
• Adaptability
• Never Give Up approach
• Good for Humanity
• Excellence
POLITICISATION OF BURAUCRACY
Definition of
politicisation
Instances of
politicisation
Causes + Impacts
Reforms
Way forward
POLITICIZATION OF CIVIL SERVICES
INSTANCES:
1. Divya metal  transferred for noting
1. Weberian Concept Of Political Neutrality 
obeying to political favours while
“Bureaucratic Neutrality & Ministerial Responsibility
implementing jal jeevan mission
goes hand-in-hand to empower Democracy“
2. U Sahayam transferred for exposing
2. Hong Kong Based risk Consultancy agency 
scandal in Mining Quarries in Madurai
• Designates indian bureaucracy as “Suffocating
3. Ashok Khemka  transferred 55+ times
Bureaucracy” due to politicisation of bureaucracy
4. Roopa Moudgil  transferred 40times in 18
years
5. NC Saxena  transferred from rural dev to
planning commission due to disagreement
with minister
POLITICIZATION OF CIVIL SERVICES
CAUSES:
1. Conflict of Ideologies btw State & National parties  IMPACTS:
2. Vendetta & competitive politics 1. Politics of Appearance rather than
3. Inverted structure of civil services  with top hierarchy governance 
striving-for better posts while bottom officers 2. Erosion of trust capital 
4. Notion of “Low in numbers high quality Post”  3. Administrative apathy towards Marginalsied
5. Lack of fixed tenure sections
• Arbitrary transfer industry 4. Theory of Stationery State  adam smith
1. Flawed system of incentives and penalties 5. Reduced economic growth  regulatory
2. Fear of blatant contempt proceedings by superior 1st ARC capture
3. Erosion of trust btw senior and junior officers 6. Erosion of Meritocracy due to nepotism &
4. Moral lapses  favouritism
• Maa-Baap attitude 7. Viability of Political Instability 
• Corruption
• Risk-aversion
• Less adept to Citizen policies
POLITICIZATION OF CIVIL SERVICES

REFORMS : WAY FORWARD:

1. TSR Subramaniyam case  1. Role of sardar vallabhai patel  in instilling fortitude,
2. Vohra commtitee  integrity, confidence, merit-based incentives system is
3. Hota committee  commendable
4. Santhanam committee  2. Khullar  restoring CS voice & morale is imperative
5. 2nd ARC  3. Constitution  embodies executive as both political
6. Ayyar committee  executive and bureaucracy  but political executive
7. Lateral entry process to bridge specialisation tends to abrogate powers to themselves
skills gaps  4. Lal bahadur shastri  not just In implementing
8. Operational framework  Code of ethics policies but upholding the morale & ethical values of
9. Cooperation btw centre + ministries + states populace
 REFORMING CIVIL
SERVICES
REFORMS FOR BUREAUCRACY
1. Performance linked incentives  7 pay commission
th
WAY FORWARD:
2. 2nd ARC  1. Lateral entry 
• Code of ethics for civil servants • Parameswaran iyer  SBM mission
• Principle of subsidiarity as a Statute • Anuradha Singhai  in Maharastra, “Purple
1. Ayyar committee  March” movement, CSR expert, represented
• Developing “espirit de corps” amongst officers UN-OD&C
• Customised curriculum from diff services
1. Hota Committee  Transparency of 360 degree of appraisal mechanism
based on “Out[ut-Outcome framework”
2. TSR Subramaniam case 
• Minimum guaranteed tenure
• Civil series board 
• Comprehensive civil services Policy 
1. Santhanam committee  Amending A-311 to ensure accountability WAYS:
2. Cooperation  DoPT & DoAR & state Academic institution 1. 2nd ARC 
2. Vohra 
3. Hota 
4. Santhanam 
5. TSR Subramaniam 
6. Ayyar commtitee 
INITIATIVE FOR CIVIL SERVICES
PILLARS:
1. Policy framework 
• National programme on CS capacity building
• Prevention of corruption act
1. Institutional framework 
• DoPT + DoAR
• Central civil services board
• CPGRAMS
1. Digital Institutional 
• i-GOT Karmayogi
• Amrit Gyan Kosh  Capacity Building Commission of
india
• PRAGATI
• RTI
1. Regulatory framework 
• Civil service conduct rules
• NESDA framework
• Lateral entry
1. Misc 
• April 21  steel frame day
KARMA YOGI
MISSION
1. Also called as “National civil services
NATIONAL PROGRAMME FOR CS CAPACITY BUIDLING FEATURES:
1. Policy Framework 
• Robust framework for implementation
capacity building programme” 
2. Aimed at Transforming a civil servant from 1. Institutional Framework 
“Rule To Role” by equipping with Fit-for- • PM-HRC + Programme management unit + Cabinet
future knowledge about governance Coordination unit
systems 1. Competency Framework 
• Defines roles, activities, competencies 
1. Digital Learning Framework (Integrated Government Online
Training Karmayogi Platform (iGOT-Karmayogi)
• iGOT Karmayogi platform  adequate courses and literary
resources
1. Electronic Human Resource Management System (e-HRMS)
• Digital management of service matters, dashboard for
evaluation of
1. Monitoring and Evaluation Framework 
• Monitor all activities under the mission based on Key
Performance Indicators
VALUES AND PRICNIPLES
At individual
At society
At organisation
At national
At international
-VE EXAMPLES
AT INDIVIDUAL LEVELS : AT SOCIETAL LEVELS :
1. Hitler  dictatorships & authoritarianism 1. Social strifes  israel-Palestine conflicts
2. Adolf Eichmann  “Desk Murderer” who mercilessly over ethical principles of land rights
transported Jews to concentration jews 2. Injustice & oppression 
3. Edward Snowden  leaked classified info 3. Distrust and cynicism against public
• Former CIA who leaked state secrets, however he authorities
claimed it to be act of Whistleblowing 4. Religious fundamentalism 
1. Pradeep Kurulkar  DRDO scientist compromising 5. Silence conscience  neglecting
missile tech neighbour country obvious crimes, wrongdoings
2. Corruption  Neeraj yadav case 6. Soft society 
3. Tort of malfeasance  Pooja Khedkar case 7. Throwaway 
4. Coercive power  Haryana SDM
5. Steven smith banned from cricket for tapering test
match ball
6. Lance Armstrong  cyclist who used drugs
7. Tribal urination incident 
-VE EXAMPLES
AT NATIONAL LEVEL:
AT ORGANISATIONAL LEVEL:
1. Injustice & oppression  slavery in USA,
1. Tuticorin DM’s fire order over innocent
Rwandan genocide , State sponsored
protestors  lack of probity
terrorism
2. Damage to reputation  Volkswagen
2. Aggressive jingoism  russia-ukraine
cheating its customers over emission tests
war
3. Concealing delirious nature of products 
3. Regionalism 
Johnson & Johnson cancer case
4. Communalism 
4. Greenwashing  against IKEA over phasing
5. Religious fundamentalism 
out single usage plastics
6. State sponsored terrorism iran backed
• FIFA blatantly scaled down estimated CO2
houthis
emissions for 2022 world cup for purchasing
7. Cartographical aggression 
carbon offsets
1. Overconfidence about progress  blackberry
downfall and Apple’s ascendance
GENERAL
THEORIES
GENERAL THEORIES TO BE USED:
1. I Kant  Means + Ends
2. MK Gandhi 
• Trusteeship model capitalists acts as Trustees
• Sarvodaya thru Antodaya 
• Sarva Dharma Sama Sambhav 
1. Veil of Ignorance  Rawl’s Justice [People must be
ignorant of their personal circumstance in order to help
common populace]
2. Dillard’s Fear Theory  “people can adapt to stimulus
according to their own needs”
3. Swami Vivekananda 
• Service to Jana is Service to Shiva  Daridra Narayan
• Nishkama Karma  action-oriented without attachment
to results
ETHICS
Definition
Quotes
Types of approaches in
ethics
Values in ethics
ETHICS TYPES :
1. Deontological approach ends don’t justify means [what
you have done you shall reap]
1. Derived From Greek Word – Ethikos  meaning 2. Consequentialism approach ends justify means [only
set of universal moral principles to understand btw the outcome matters]
good & bad”, “fair & unfair”, “just & unjust”, 3. Utilitarian ethics  activity for greater good
“Moral & Immoral” 4. Rights Approach  does the action respect the rights of
all
5. Justice Approach  does the action equally spreads
QUOTES
justice
1. Potter stewart  “Ethics Knowing Difference
6. Humanistic  to uplift human race
What You Have A Right To Do & What is Right To
7. Stoics Approach to gain knowledge
Do”
2. Mahabharata  “Without ethics world will sink
In bottomless darkness”
CONSEQUENCE OF ETHICS:
DETERMINANTS OF ETHICS:
ESSENCE & CONSEQUENCE OF ETHICS: use with types and
1. Experiences  ashoka after kalinga war
examples
2. Familial relationships K Subramaniyam
1. Acts as prescriptive & descriptive  Guiding tools for
3. Teachers & caregivers  Lord Krishna
decision making
4. Inspirations & role models
2. Deontological ethics  ends justify means
5. Societal norms & cultural factors Cosmopolitan society
3. Teleological [Consequentialism] 
6. Economic status & independence factors
4. Utilitarianism  maximum good
7. Legal systems  laws, rules, regulations
5. Meta-physics understanding 
8. Power & Fame  Abraham Lincoln
6. Windows of Internal reflection, self-awareness, innate
9. Economic production systems
goodness  individual behaviour
10. Popular media like TV’s, movies, shows etc
7. Helps in creating mental maps of world Influences
11. Educational polices  Hitler shaped polices based on
behaviour & desirable social attitude
authoritarian values
8. Promotes good life & attain virtues  Gita
9. Egalitarian society formation, social endomorphosis [BR
Ambedkar]  at societal level
10. Enables formation of foundational values of civil services
MORALS
Definition
Quotes
Values in Morals
May be moral but not
ethical
MORALS
QUOTES:
1. Morality must be universal / “idea of universalizability” 
Kant
2. Humans must be treated as ends & not merely as means
1. Set of Personal feelings or Internal beliefs, which to ends
guides oneself In understanding the diff btw good
& bad
-VE EXAMPLES
1. Tax evasion, circular trading, round tripping
2. Tort of Malfeasance  Pooka Khedkar case
+VE EXAMPLES 3. Johnson & Johnson deliberately concealing the
1. Gandhi’s Talisman, Sarvodaya thru antodaya carcinogenic nature of its products’
2. Dr rajendra prasad who gave up lucrative job 4. FIFA deliberately under-valuing the GHG emissions
3. S V Patel  nationalism via unity & fraternity due to 2022 WC, for recuing its carbon offsetting
4. Desmond tutu  internationalism cost
5. Satish dhawan shielded his team 5. Steve smith’s Australia team deliberately tampering
6. Ratan Tata’s philanthropic activism test match ball
7. Mother Teresa, Florence nightingale  public 6. China hampering india’s UNSC seat, though india
service has merit in its side
7. Global North’s preposterous activism in devolving
loss & Damage fund
MORALS THAT SOME MIGHT FAVOUR NEGAVTIVE MORALS
PILLARS:
1. Definition 
 Blood donation   Tax evasion + Circular trading +
2. Source 
Round tipping 
3. Scope 
 Recognition of LGBTQIA+ rights  Fraudulent activities  pooja 4. Application 
khedkar 5. Examples 
 Donation to charity   Corruption 

 Following traffic rules when traffic  Abuse of power 

police is not stationed 
 Picking up rags, wastes pockets  Lack of tolerance  Regionalism,
thrown near dustbin  Communalism
 Returning excess cash given by  Passive way of living  hit & run
shopkeeper  case in Maharastra
 Compassion  NGO’s, Civil  Greenwashing, Genderwashing
societies, Ashrams,
 Not cheating while the examiner is  Greedflation 
not looking
DIFF BTW ETHICS & MORALS
DSSPAE
May be ethical but not
moral
May be moral but not
ethical
 PILLARS ETHICS MORALS

DEFINITION  Derived from Ethikos  Derived from “Mores”

What is good & bad  which means
Customs & Traditions
SOURCE  From public laws,  From religious values,
universal philosophies societal beliefs,
personal experiences
SCOPE  Wider coverage   Lesser coverage 

PHILOSOPHY  Deontological  Utilitarian

APPLICABILITY  Different fields  Regional  parochial

EXAMPLES
ETHICS & MORALS
WAH CAN BE MORAL BUT CANNOT BE ETHICAL
1. Pooja khedkar case 
2. British colonialism 
3. Governor manifesting constitutional loopholes by
WAH CAN BE ETHICAL BUT CANNOT BE MORAL Pocket Vetoing state legislature bills
1. Rights to LGBTQIA+  4. Bureaucratic officials promoting personal favors,
2. Living-in relationships  nepotism
3. Job opportunities to women 5. Persecution of jews 
4. Whistle blowing activity  6. Chaturvarna systems + Girl child marriage + Triple talaq
5. Sabarimala entry  issue 
7. Stealing things due to deprivation 
8. Whistle blowing 
9. Tax evasion + Circular trading + Round tipping 
10. Greedflation 
11. Greenwashing + Genderwashing 
12. Passive way of living 
13. Leaking state secret files for temporary Gains  Pradeep
Kurulkar case
14. Sanitizer companies inc prices during corona-pandemic
VALUES
Definition of values
Diff pillars in values
Negative values
VALUES QUOTES:
1. CS Lewis  Education without values makes a man
cleverer devil.
1. Set of moral values which acts as benchmark standards
which help is analysing the desirability or undesirability
of actions
-VE EXAMPLES
1. Tax evasion, circular trading, round tripping
2. Gender based patriarchal progress
3. Discrimination of minorities based on caste
communal lines
4. Taking & giving bribes
PILLARS: 5. Partisanship politics
1. TICC EAT PWD 6. Moral lapses by public authorities
2. CCC EEE PLISS 7. Soft society
8. Religious fundamentalism
9. Turpitude Risk aversion attitude
10. Might brew parochial interests
11. Easily influenceable by external peers, friends,
emotions etc
VALUES
-VE EXAMPLES
PERSONAL VALUES:
1. Tax evasion, circular trading, round tripping
1. Persistence  during competitive exam studies
2. Gender based patriarchal progress
2. Fortitude crucial for handling exam hall pressure
3. Discrimination of minorities based on caste
3. Tolerance  ate lunch in same tiffin box with
communal lines 
students from diff culture
4. Taking & giving bribes 
4. Integrity  returned excess cash when a
5. Partisanship politics 
shopkeeper gave it to me unknowingly
6. Moral lapses by public authorities 
5. Compassion donated by class 12th books to my
7. Soft society 
fellow friend who fell short in accessing the books
8. Religious fundamentalism
6. Empathy  cried when a similar aged student was
9. Turpitude  Risk aversion attitude
working in a tea stall , having less opportunities for
10. Might brew parochial interests
education and earning
11. Easily influenceable by external peers, friends,
7. Leadership  during college culturals for which we
emotions etc
secured 2nd prize
8. Gratitude 
9. Respecting elders & seniors 
CONSCIENCE
Definition of
conscience
Consequence of
conscience
How conscience helps
CONSCIENCE
ANY PILLARS:
1. At individual level  Nirmal Mukherjee saying
no PM Indira gandhi for political favours
2. At society level 
1. Kant  “Conscience refers to inner checks in form 3. At Organisation level 
of Inner voices and feelings which helps in 4. At national level 
delineating btw good and bad” 5. At international level 
6. Political 
7. Strategic 
8. Economical 
QUOTES:
9. Environmental 
1. Gandhi’s quote 
• One of the 7 Sins  Pleasure without conscience 10. Sociocultural 
• One court is above Court Of Justice. That is Court
ANY PILLARS:
of Conscience
1. Promotes tolerance  making society conscious
1. 
about humanistic values
2. Compassion 
3. Courage 
4. Rule of law Nirmal Mukherjee saying no PM
Indira gandhi for political favours
5. Whistleblowing 
6. Sacrifice 
CONSCIENCE
EXAMPLES: -VE EXAMPLES
1. Fali S Nariman with his conscience, he quit 1. Tax evasion, circular trading, round tripping
as additional solicitor general during 2. Gender based patriarchal progress
emergency 3. Discrimination of minorities based on caste
2. Elon musk communal lines
3. Nelson Mandela  4. Taking & giving bribes
4. Malala Yousuf  5. Partisanship politics
5. Sachin Tendulkar  6. Moral lapses by public authorities
6. Julian Assuage  “Ethical Dilemma” of Wiki 7. Soft society
Leaks 8. Religious fundamentalism
7. Smitha Sabarwal tweeted in her personal 9. Turpitude Risk aversion attitude
account regarding Bilkis Bano case, though 10. Might brew parochial interests
1964 Condic rules prohibits 11. Easily influenceable by external peers, friends,
emotions etc
FAMILY
Quotes on family
Role of family
ANY PILLARS:
1. FIR STICC
2. Role of mother & Role of father
FAMILY FATHER MOTHER

 Hardwork &  Smart Work 

Perseverance Jaishankar pragnanandha
1. Chicago Nobel laureate “James Heckman”  Integrity  Deepak gupta,  Care & compassion
emphasises  Besides formal education former UPSC chairman mahatma gandhi
system, the most important element is family
and society for holistic sculpturing a child’s  Responsibility &  Valor & Bravery  begum
moral compass commitments  age- hazrat mahal
conditioned chores
2. Parents circle  1st socialization environment
for a child  Curiosity & Learning   Patience & Self-control
MS Dhoni’s mother
Devaki
 Fairness & Justice  Gratitude  thank you
George W Bush from H notes
Bush
FAMILY
METHODS OF SOCIALIZATION : ROLE OF FATHER: ROLE OF MOTHER:
1. Contact-Comfort theory  1. Value of Hard work & 1. Value of Smart work 
2. Observational learning methods  Perseverance  S Subramaniam Praggnanandha
3. Role model education  2. Teaching Integrity 2. Value of care, compassion
4. Story telling  Panchatantra, 3. Inculcates Responsibility & 3. Value of Valor & Brave  Begum
Ramayana] Commitments age-responsible Hazart mahal on Birqis kadar
5. Socialization process with relatives  chores like Financial security, [Lucknow]
6. Reward & punishment method  Protection of family 4. Patience & Self-control 
7. Soft power education  4. Curiosity & learning  5. Cultivating gratitude  making a
8. Authority method  5. Cultivating Fairness & Justice  child to write Thank you notes
SOCEITY
Quotes on society
Role of Society
Negative side of
society
SOCIETY VARIOUS SOCEITEIS OF WORLD:
FIR STICC
1. Family-centric societies of india  socialisation process,
respect for elders
1. BR Ambedkar  “A Just society is where which
2. Individualistic societies of USA respect for individual
ascending sense of Reverence and descending sense
liberty, Personal freedom
of Contempt is dissolved into creation of
3. Socialistic societies of Cuba Notion of social justice,
compassionate society”
equality, solidarity
2. Chicago Nobel laureate “James Heckman”
4. Collectivistic societies of Japan  industrious workforces
emphasises  Besides formal education system, the
of japan
most important element is family and society for
5. Tribal societies of Kenya  courage, leadership,
holistic sculpturing a child’s moral compass
6. Indigenous societies [Aboringes]  respect for mother
nature, Environmental ethics
7. Religious sociétés of Mid-east moral conduct
8. Cosmopolitan societies gender equality
9. Political Participation, Policy Formulation, Watchdog of
Democracy 
FAMILY & SOCIETY
CONCERNS:
1. Might be Regressive in nature  Orthodoxy, chaturvarna
systems, patriarchal norms
2. Might not emboss universal values  persecution of minors ,
Harsh attitude, regionalism, secessionism, anti-national
elements
3. Boomerang effect of society  harsh principles can harm itself
[Pakistan Extremism]
4. Soft society  callous attitude
5. Throwaway culture  indifferent attitude
6. Sleepy society 
OVERALL VALUES OF CIVIL
SERVICES
Overall values
Initiatives in CS
Way forward in CS
OVERALL
VALUES WEBER’S BURAUCRACY STRCUTRE
FOUDNATIONAL VALUES DWIGHT WALDO’S 12 OBLIGATIONS
1. Hierarchy of authority
1. TICC PWD EAT OIN  OF AN ADMINSITRATOR
2. Division of labour
2. TIN PWD RQ  1. Obligation to country 
3. Formal selection process
3. EEE CCC PLISS  2. Rule of Law 
4. Codified rules
4. FIR STICC  3. Supremacy of constitution 
5. Impartiality
4. Professionalism 
6. Career development
5. Organizational norms 
6. Humanity, Public interest 
7. Self, Family friends, ETC 
INITIAITVES: INSITUUIONAL FRAMEWORK:
1. Lokpal CIC CVC CBI [Vinith Narayan
LAWS/RULES:
case]
1. PoCA
CONSITUIONAL: 2. SEBI, CCI
2. PMLA
1. Oath taking upon 3. National centre for good governance
3. RTI act
constitution 4. Performance based incentives &
4. Benami transactions
2. Article 75, article 164 promotion
[Prohibition] act
3. Article 311 5. Probity, Sparrow, Solve  online probity
5. Indian contracts act of 
management system by DoPT
“Serious Economic Offenders”
6. Social audit mechanisms  MGNREGA
6. Companies act 2013
7. Citizen grievance redressal mechanism
7. PRAGATI Scheme / portal
 lokvani software
8. AICS rules of 2014
8. Live proceedings of SC
9. Karmayogi prarambh module –
9. Performance management division for
iGOT Karmayogi platform
CITIZEN PARTICAIPATION: ministers
1. Civil society engagement 10. Project mentoring group for policies
2. Popular Social medias 11. Lateral entry phenomena
3. Resident welfare associations
4. Citizen charter
5. Awareness generation
6. Jankari call centres in Bihar
WAY CITIZEN PARTICAIPATION:
1. Civil society engagement
2. Local bodies
TRAINING:
1. Sensitivity training

FORWARD:
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK: 2. Relaxation training
3. Citizen charter
1. Lokpal CIC CVC CBI [Vinith Narayan case] 3. Role playing,
4. Awareness generation
2. Central ethics coordinating body, civil services board 4. Aptitude based trainings
3. Grievance redressal mechanism 5. Assertiveness training
4. Digitalizing  E-gov systems 6. Communication training
5. Performance based incentives & promotion 7. value-based training
6. Institution of ombudsman
7. Integrity pact by 2nd ARC
8. Outcome-output framework, performance-based incentives MISC:
9. Role of media 1. Strengthening role of parliament & legislatures 
Santhanam committee
2. Hota committee  Strengthening disciplinary actions
LAWS/RULES: 3. Vohra committee  oversight mechanism
1. Transparency of rules act [TORA by economic survey] 4. According to marx  CSE suffers from loss of freedom,
2. Amending anachronous laws [PoCA 2nd ARC “Ethics in morality, creativity, humanity
Governance report”] 5. Principle of subsidiarity Aby niti aayog
3. Rationalising benami act, official secrets act 6. UN’s code of conduct
4. Civil services code of ethics, code of conduct for 7. OECD’s ethical conduct in public service bill
ministers 8. NCRWC  effective law + effective enforcement
5. Public interest disclosure act/ whistle blower act
6. Lateral entry process
SYMPATHY + EMPATHY +
COMPASSION:
Sympathy
Empathy
Compassion
Diagram
Examples
 QUOTES + REPORTS

SYMPATHY 1. Mahatma Gandhi  “concept of talisman  Sarvodaya

thru antodaya” [Development of All thru Welfare of all]
2. 10th & 12th report of 2nd ARC citizen centric governance
3. Dwight waldo’s 12 obligation of administrator 
obligations to humanity

1. From Greek Word  Sym-together + Pathos-feeling

2. State of awareness of others’ problems or Feeling pity
for other feelings but not able to relate or imagine it
with own position
3. SDG 16  ensuring ATP of govt institutions
PILLARS:
1. Sympathy  awareness about
problems,
2. Empathy  experiencing other’s
problems,
3. Compassion  action to alleviate
EMPATHY QUOTES + REPORTS
1. MK Gandhi  “The Best Way to Find Yourself is to
lose Yourself in the service of others”
• Sarvodaya Thru Antodaya  “Development for all”
1. State of awareness of others’ Hardships and able to
via “Welfare for all”
relate or imagine it with own position [We can put
1. 10th & 12th report of 2nd ARC  Promotes citizen
ourself in their shoes]
centric governance
• From Greek Word  Em-in + Pathos-feeling
2. Dwight waldo’s 12 obligation of administrator 
1. SDG 16  ensuring ATP of govt institutions
obligations to humanity
3. Mohsin Ahmed  “Empathy is about finding echoes
of Another person in Yourself”
4. Bill Bullard  “The Highest Forms of Knowledge is
Empathy”
COMPASSIO QUOTES + REPORTS
1. MK Gandhi  “The Best Way to Find Yourself is to lose
Yourself in the service of others”

N
1. State of “Awareness, Acknowledgement,
• Sarvodaya Thru Antodaya  “Development for all” via
“Welfare for all”
• Gandhi’s Talisman Strategy 
Desire” to alleviate other person’s hardships 1. 10th & 12th report of 2nd ARC  Promotes citizen centric
• From Latin Work  to suffer with governance
1. SDG 16  ensuring ATP of govt institutions 2. Dwight waldo’s 12 obligation of administrator 
obligations to humanity
3. Dalai Lama  “If you want to be happy, practice
Compassion ”
• Compassion is the wish to see others Free From Suffering
• Compassion is the Radicalism of our time
FOR SYM-EM-PATHY, COMPASSION
WHAT DOES EMAPTHY COMPASSION DOES:
1. Instils Courage to face discrimination BR
Ambedkhar empathy towards fellow
marginalised sections enabled him withstand
societal discriminations
2. Promotes Conscientious based activism 
3. Promotes “People centric governance” 
Grievance redressal mechanism
4. Creation of Welfare State 
5. Ensures Accountability, TP of govt 
6. Imbues Tolerance towards Diff fractions with
diversified cultural regimes
7. Preserves Integrity on part of Civils servants 
8. Improves Quality of governance 
9. Bolsters “Innovative Governance” 
FOR SYM-EM-PATHY, COMPASSION
+VE EXAMPLES:
+VE EXAMPLES:
1. Armstrong pane  green manipur mission,
1. Mother Teresa  missionaries of charity in 1950
people’s road
2. Florence Nightingale
2. Swaroshish somvanshi in MP removed AC’s
3. Venkateshwaram burra initiating ASHRAYA  a ngo
from his office to rehabilitation centre
for mentally challenged people,
3. Compassionate keralam initiative by Prasanth
4. Bindeshwar patak 
nair
5. Katayani ammal 
4. Bharath vadvani received ramsay Magsaysay
6. MK Ranjith singh  compassion to animals, led to
award for treating poor
Formulation of “Project cheetah”
5. Kailash Satyarthi  child right violation
7. Ira Singhal  recruited one Transgender in her office
activism, bachpan bachao andolan
6. Raghavendra Auradkhar  pink hoysalas for
women safety
HUMAN RIGHTS -VE INSTANCES:
1. Parochial 
2. Staying out late in night not coming to home
1. Rights are reasonable ‘Claims of Persons’ 3. Wearing a different dress other than school
recognized by society and sanctioned by law uniform 
against Actions of State 4. Right to some & consume liquor 
2. Potter Stewart  Ethics is knowing the diff btw 5. Right to copy and take bits in exam when
‘What one has the right to do’ & ‘What is right examiner is not looking 
to do’ 6. Right to not return the excess cash given by
3. One man’s rights ends when the Nose of other shop-keeper 
man beings 
4. Individuals should act based on his or her own
liberty, interests, individuality until it doesn’t
Harms others  harm principles of John Stuart
Mill
+VE INSTANCES:
1. Primary goal of state is to promote
welfare of people
2. Right to Education
3. Eight to personal life & liberty
4. Right to information
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
Definition
Diagram
Role of emotional
intelligence
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
QUOTES & PHRASES
1. All learning has emotional base  Plato
2. Buddhism teachings 
1. Daniel Goleman in his book “emotional  Metta sutta  practice of friendliness
intelligence : why it matter more than IQ”   Samadhi  inner peace
• Ability to Perceive, Understand, Manage one’s own
 karuna  compassion
emotions, feelings, mood, affect and To Behave in a  Mudita  sympathetic joy
socially desirable manner  Upeksha  equanimity - calm
1. Success = 80% EQ + 20%IQ
1. Max Weber  adds legitimacy to bureaucracy
2. SWOT analysis  “Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunity, Threats
“ analysis

5 COMPONENTS:
1. Self-awareness  about
environment, circumstances
2. Self-motivation  to instil courage
3. Self-regulation 
4. Social management 
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
SIGNIFICANCE FOR CSE +VE EXAMPLES:
1. Self-awareness  strengths & weakness 1. An AICS working in south and is from north
2. Serves as inspiration, motivation factor  Pankaj jain sending his 2. Swami vivekananda  using sisters &
girl child to anganwadi brothers notion In Chicago speech
3. National integration  sabka saath sabka vikas 3. Gandhi  delivering social roles to women
4. Stay calm & composed under pressure George W Bush hearing 4. J H Nehru after indo china war  tolerated
about 9/11 incident criticism
5. Maintain balanced personal & public life  barack Obama 5. Chetan singh rathore
6. Motivational force service to nation 6. Vikram sarabai 
7. Right aptitude for governance  professionalism, leadership skills
8. Enables Adaptation to modified environment  covid 19
pandemic – lockdown vs family bonds[let's talk helpline] -VE EXAMPLES
9. Leadership skills  Vikram sarabai 1. Political intolerance  vendetta, polarization
10. Selflessness  nikunja dhalserving returned to work after demise xenophobia
of father due to pandemic 2. Risk aversion attitude  turpitude
11. Persuasion  Chetan singh rathore eg 3. Neglecting service minded approach
12. Tolerance  Swami vivekananda using “Brothers & Sisters” during 4. Partisanship politics
Chicago speech 5. Corruption, red Tapism
13. Unified Global Order  “Not an Era of war” 6. Conflicts of interest
7. Paternalistic attitude
8. Societal stereotypes
VALUES AND PRICNIPLES
All examples ALL VALUES:
ALL VALUES:
1. Empowerment
1. Tolerance
2. Emotional intelligence
2. Rule of law
3. Persistence
3. Integrity
4. Leadership
4. Innovation
5. Sacrifice
5. Compassion
6. Self-awareness
6. Courage
7. Conscience
PILLARS:
8. People centric
Mix of all 
9. Welfare state
1. CCC EEE PLISS
10. Democracy
2. TIN PWD RQ
11. Empathy
3. TICC PWD EAT
12. Accountability, T P
13. Nation’s consciousness
14. Quality of governance
+ VE EXAMPLES SELF-AWARENESS:
ATTIDUE/CHANGE: 1. Increased self-awareness 
CURIOSITY:
1. Alfred Nobel  “Merchant of Vivekananda
1. Isaac Newton’s curiosity over an apple
Death” for discovering dynamite 2. Gautama Buddha 
falling from a tree 
to “Father of Nobel Peace Prize” 3. Pankaj Jain sending his
2. Richard Feynman  aptitude
2. Emperor ashoka  daughter to anganwadi
3. Albert einstein 
• Im have no special talent. Im only 3. Nasa Mukht Bharath Abhiyan 
4. SBM mission 
passionately curious
5. Mission LIFE 

DEDCIATEION TO SERIVCE /
SELFLESSNESS:
1. Danuja Dhalserving 
2. Military personnel trekking uphill
for 4kms to save tribal families
during wayand landslide
+ VE EXAMPLES
INDOMITABEL WILL – COURAGE: PERSISTANCE: SACRIFICE:
1. Srinivasa Ramanujam with poverty 1. Thomas Alwa Edision  failed 1. Nikola tesla [Father of Modern
2. Micheal Jordon with Flu won 5th NBA 999 times for inventing Electricity] sacrificed his wealth, lived
championship title electric bulb but succeeded in in anonymity
3. Serena Williams being pregnant won 1000th attempt 2. Sanjay Dubey  for exposing
23rd championship title 2. Steve jobs  corruption in Golden quadrilateral
4. Yuvraj Singh cancer during 2011 construction project
5. Lionel messi  3. Ranjan Kumar das  violation of
• Bullied for short stature when he was 11 human rights in bricks klins
years old later went on to become the 4. Kamlaesh Kumari  a CRPF who
GOAT in football world sacrificed hersfel for providing vital
info during Dec 13 Terror Attack on par
+ VE EXAMPLES
EMPATHY & COMPASSION:
1. Mangal arun shah  “Mangal Thai’
started Palawi Project for empowering HIV
+ve children
LEADERSHIP: 2. Janrasoye  initiative by Vidit sharma,
1. Vikram Sarabi who accrued blame to who provided hot cooked meals at Rs.5 for
himself for failure of SLV-3 mission patients waiting outside Noida hospitals
failure 3. Venkateswara Burra ASHRAYA
2. Alexander the Great  fought 4. Kailah Satyarthi 
alongside with his troops 5. Mother Teresa + Florence Nightingale 
3. Rahul Dravid Taking Blame for Loss in
world cup final 2023

EMPOWERMENT:
ENVIRONEMNTAL PROTECTION: 1. Kartayanani Ammal  Pioneer of
1. Jadhav Mulai Peyang  Forest man of India Educational empowerment in Kerala
2. Medha Patkar  “Narmada Bachao 2. Bindeshwar pathak  revolutionised
Andolan” movement indian toilet system
3. Sundar lal Bahuguna  Chipko movement 3. Armstrong pane 
4. Ira singhal  1 Transgender in her office
+ VE EXAMPLES
INNOVATION: CONSCIENCE:
1. Richard Arkwright spinning jenny 1. Fali S Nariman  resigned from Solicitor
2. James watt  inventor of steam general position due to imposition of
engine unconstitutional emergency order
3. Ritu Maheswari  Smart electricity 2. Sachin Tendulkar  returning to pavilion
meters though umpire gave him not out
4. Rahul kumar, a DM in bihar  3. Nirmal Mukherjee 

EMOTIONAL INTELLGIENCE:
1. Geogre W bush  staying calm after TOLERANCE:
hearing 9/11 incident amidst students 1. Swami vivekananda using “Brothers &
2. Chetan Singh Rathore  singing Vande Sisters” during Chicago speech
Mataram during CAA protests
3. “Not An Era of War”
ATTITUDE
Definition
Diagram
Role of emotional
intelligence
ATTITUDE QUOTES:
1. Attitude is a little thing that makes big difference  Winston
Churchill
2. Weakness of attitude is a weakness of characters  Albert
1. A person’s Overall Disposition Or Outlook Einstein
towards a particular object, person, situation 3. Plato  Human attitude flows from 3 sources  desire, emotion,
2. DIAGRAMS knowledge
3. SDG 16  ensuring ATP of govt institutions 4. Right attitude or samma-sankappa by budhha’s astangika marga
5. Swami vivekananda  one needs right attitude for realising
his/her aptitude
6. APJ Abdul Kalam  “Birds find shelter during Rain. But Eagles
soars high over Rain clouds. Problems are same but Attitude
makes a Difference”
COMPONENTS:
1. Plato’s CAB model 
 Cognitive[thinking or attributes of an
object]  knowledge
 Affective[feeling for others]
Emotion
 Behavioural[behavioural pattern]
Desire
ATTITUDE -VE EXAMPLES FOR CSE
1. Bhopal gas tragedy  callous attitude
2. Bureaucratic paralysis  Risk aversion attitude,
+VE EGS maa-baap attitude, Elitist oriented activism , Red
1. Chetan singh rathore Tapism, inefficiency , Partisanship politics +
2. “chuppi todd initiative” Turpitude activism + parochial interests
3. Kailash Satyarthi 3. Gender disparity  unpaid care work
4. Ashok Khemka 4. Societal stereotypes  vocational education ,
5. Nirmal mukherjee Superstition, Casteism. Prejudiced
6. Rahul kumar, a DM in bihar 5. Soft society phenomena
6. Tort of Malfeasance

WAY FORWARD:
1. Kelman’s Levels of Social Influence
• Compliance  individuals accepts others influence
• Identification When person’s accepts other’s
influence and
• Internalisation 
POLITICAL ATTIUDE
1. Individual’s orientation towards Public policy,
Political Ideology, Role of Government

FACTORS -VE EXAMPLES

1. Family and Upbringing  JL Nehru of 1. Corruption & criminalisation of politics
his dad Motilal nehru 2. Domination by older representative
2. Education  liberal philosophies 3. Lack of transparency
3. Life Experiences  B Ambedkhar 4. Lack of platforms to expose skills
4. Economic status  plutocracy 5. Lack of political diversity  Dynasty
5. Social medias propagandisation  politics
6. Role of Pressure Groups, NGO’s, Civil 6. Socioeconomic inequalities
societies 
7. Societal values  Cosmopolitan
 ATTITUDE BEHAVIOUR FACTORS FORMING ATTITUDE / BEHAVIOUR:
1. Attitude’s strength  strong attitude desired behaviour e.g.,
 One’s disposition  Outward expression of exams studying
towards something one’s attitude 2. Self-monitors+ instrumental conditioning  fewer self-monitors 
easy go person & moral attitude – veracity, truthfulness,
 May [compassion] or  Influences attitude
may not influences directly [swatch reverence, awareness of responsibility
behaviour [smoking bharath toilets usage 3. Vested interest  maximum utility for oneself
under peer pressure] + promoted cleanliness 4. Societal norms  may have negative attitude towards lower caste
la Pierre study on attitude] but it is societally undesirable
accommodation for 5. Religious values  sacred materials
Chinese couples in his
study in USA 6. Perceived relevance of attitude  If less likely to be influenced he
may change his behaviour
 More personal  as  More socially 7. Observational learning methods  CS’s tends to modify activism
determined by determined as based on rewards & punishments
personal experiences determined by social 8. Kelman’s varieties  rewards-based approach for changing
circumstances, genetic attitude, internalization of norms, compliance regulations
traits etc 9. Economic status  poor more socialistic rich more capitalistic
10. Cognitive/Understanding capability 
PERUSASIO +VE EXAMPLES
1. Kailash Satyarthi based on child labour
persuasion
N
1. Attitude influencing technique to ensure either compliance or
conformity from the targeted person, public
2. Chetan singh Rathore persuading CAA protests
crowd by singing national anthem
2. SDG 16  ensuring ATP of govt institutions 3. Incredible india  Give Up india campaign
3. Benjamin Franklin  “If you would persuade, you must appeal 4. Bhoodan Movement
to interest rather than intellect” 5. ECI persuading voters
6. Swatch Bharath Movement 
7. Krishna persuading Yudhisthana
TACTICS FOR PERSUASION / FOR DEVELPPING ATTITUDE: 8. DK Karve married a widow
1. Systemic persuasion  based on logic & reason 9. Barwani’s [MP] Khilkona bank which persuades
2. Heuristic persuasion  persuasion based on appeals o beliefs or parents to take Children to Nutrition
emotions rehabilitation centers by giving gifts and
3. Aristotelian model of persuasion  ethos-pathos-logic nutritious foods
4. Observational learning methods  CS’s tends to modify activism
based on rewards & punishments
5. Espousing Voluntary – active - public pledges 
6. Using legal authority, laws, rules 
7. Based on social proof  legitimacy to persuading actions
8. Reciprocity by giving incentives, subsidies
9. Lowballing, foot in the door, that’s not all methods
10. Kelman’s varieties
APTITUDE
QUOTES:
1. I. Kant  “art of reasoning is the centre of human
excellence”
2. Theory of basic human values by H Schwartz
1. Natural or acquired skill or ability to solve perform particular [“openness to change, self-transcendence, self
tasks enhancement, conservation”]
2. Kant described aptitude as art of reasoning , 3. Aristotle  Aptitude as a value is the foundation of
3. HIERARCHICAL DIAGRAM all excellence
4. SDG 16  ensuring ATP of govt institutions

SIGNIFICANCE
1. Leadership proficiency  Vikas kumar ujjwal converted maoist affected
area into tourism, captain cool + field setting for pollard
2. Maintains Ethos of governance  citizen centric [j meghnath reddy in TN
who initiated project udhayam – home based toilets building]
3. Promotes Efficiency  Rahul kumar of bihar used ingenious strategies to
tackle covid 19 pandemic
4. Espouses Innovation  smart electric meters by ritu maheswari
5. Promotes Ethical governance thus Enabling Equity & inclusive
governance,
6. Exemplary professionalism  rule of law, corruption less
7. Efficient decision making based on dynamic nature, E-gov
EXAMPLES;
1. Ritu maheswari  smart electric meters
2. Raj gopal sunkara  iot devices to reduced water
loss by 40% in erode district
3. Sushant Gaurav  poverty stricken gumla
[jharkhad] into potential economic hub around
Ragi Cultivation
4. Pradeep Kumar jana  “Cyclone Saviour” in odisha
for his impeccable service in disaster management
5. Pratiba pal  sewage water treatment facility in
indore and making it “India’s 1st water plus city”
6. Supriya Sahu  “Meendum Manjapai Campaign”
APTITUDE
IN SOCIETY -VE EXAMPLES
1. Innate ability to excel  W A Mozart 1. Risk aversion attitude
2. Specialization of services  bill gates has aptitude for 2. Neglecting service minded approach
coding but less for music 3. Partisanship politics
3. Promotes self-churning process  Michael Jordon 4. Callous & Capricious attitude towards
with his basketball skills other sex, flora & fauna
4. Less likely to be influenced by external factors thus
relatively stable  einstein’s mathematical skills
5. Promotes innovation & idea diffusion &
transferability Elon Musk with his science
knowledge promoted Tesla, SpaceX
6. Poses predictive value for gauging success  Bill Nye
took aptitude test which predicted his knowledge in
space 1. 2nd ARC – holistic competence for CS
Aptitude  ethos, ethics, efficiency, equity
INTEGRITY
QUOTES:
1. CS Lewis  doing correct even when no one is watching
2. Mam Mohan Singh honesty & integrity must be the
routine expectations from public authorities
3. Categorical imperative  following universality
commands
4. Veil of ignorance by John Rawls  unbiased & impartial
1. Quality of establishing Consistency of thought, action, decisions
speech, while adhering to highest possible moral 5. Discipline of perception – discipline of will – discipline of
standards action
2. Manifestation of following values  Openness, 6. Max weber  creates legitimacy of bureaucracy
Accountability, Objectivity, Honesty, Integrity, Public 7. Thirukkural 34 
interest, conscience, • True Moral Integrity lies in being flawless in your
3. SDG 16  ensuring ATP of govt institutions thoughts; Everything else is loud and blatantly posturing

SOURCES:
1. Article 51A FD’s
2. Nurturing by parents, friends, and society as a
whole
3. Indian civil services code of conduct rules 
“Absolute integrity”
4. Role models inspiration
5. Inner checks/inner conscience
INTEGRITY +VE EXAMPLES
1. Sachin Tendulkar  not-out
2. Sri mokhshagundam Visveswaraya
SIGNIFICANCE who resisted using public resources for
1. Optimal Aptitude for governance  right ethos, resource personal uses
management, professionalism, leadership proficiency in 3. Socrates drank Hemlock poison and
governance accepted his fate though he had
2. Correct Attitude for governance  Inculcates emotional choices of escaping the Death Trail
intelligence to CS’s 4. Nirmal Mukherjee  no to PM indira
3. Ensures accountability, transparency, probity of govt 5. M Sahayam
institutions  master key for governance 6. Ashok khemka
4. Promotes ethical & inclusive governance 7. Satyendra dubey
8. Vikram sarabai
9. Dr Rajendra Prasad
10. M S Swaminathan
11. S R Sankaran for his bonded labour act
12. T N Sheshan
13. Dr C Sylendra babu
INTEGRITY +VE EXAMPLES
1. Pooja Khedkar foreign fake
PILLARS: documents for entry into civil services
1. At individual level  self awareness, personal development, 2. Pooja Singhal misusing power to
maximum utility profess corruption
2. At societal level  social endomorphosis, crime-free society,
bipartisan behaviour
3. At administrative level  right aptitude, values ATP, conflict of
interest, rule of law, constitution, ethical governance
4. At state/nation level  fundamental duties, patriotism,
nationalism, national service
5. At international level  rule based global order, resolving conflicts
transborder
6. At environmental level  mission life
7. At organisational level 
OBJECTIVITY QUOTES:
1. Bureaucratic ethics begins with impartiality & objectivity
2. Categorical imperative  following universality
1. Ability to base one’s decisions on observable facts, figures, commands
evidences rather than personal biases or external 3. Veil of ignorance by John Rawls  unbiased & impartial
influences decisions
2. SDG 16  ensuring ATP of govt institutions 4. Discipline of perception – discipline of will – discipline of
action
5. Max weber  creates legitimacy of bureaucracy
6. Nolan committee  key ingredient for stable bureaucratic
structure
7. Transparency & accountability  “Master Key” for
SIGNIFICANCE governance
1. Optimal Aptitude for governance  right ethos, resource
management, professionalism, leadership proficiency in
governance
2. Correct Attitude for governance  emotional intelligence
3. Ensures accountability, transparency, probity of govt
institutions  master key for governance
4. Promotes ethical & inclusive governance
5. Rule of law & not men
6. Supremacy of constitution
7. Reduces conflicts of interest, nepotism, favouritism
NONPARTISANSHI
P
1. Non-disposition of civil servants to private [impartiality – religion, caste,
creed] or political [nonpartisanship] fear & favours
2. Nolan committee  key ingredient for stable bureaucratic structure
3. SDG 16  ensuring ATP of govt institutions

SIGNIFICANCE
1. Optimal Aptitude for governance  right ethos, QUOTES:
resource management, professionalism, leadership 1. Categorical imperative  following universality
proficiency in governance commands
2. Correct Attitude for governance  honesty, integrity, 2. Veil of ignorance by John Rawls  unbiased &
emotional intelligence impartial decisions
3. Ensures accountability, transparency, probity of govt 3. Golden mean by aristotle
institutions  master key for governance 4. Discipline of perception – discipline of will – discipline
4. Promotes ethical & inclusive governance of action
5. Rule of law & not men 5. Max weber  creates legitimacy of bureaucracy
6. Prevents trust decay 6. Thirukkural 111  “Position of power is good to occupy,
7. Supremacy of constitution when one practices; Impartiality, unfailingly, towards all
8. Reduces conflicts of interest, nepotism, favouritism sections”
OBJECTIVITY / IMAPARTIALTIY -VE EXAMPLES
+VE EXAMPLES 1. Excessive objectivity, impartiality  administrative apathy
1. Ethical governance  Nirmal mukerjee [Weberian model]
2. Rule of law  TN Sheshan 2. Discourages creativity & innovation  digital age
3. Transparency & accountability + probity  U 3. Neglecting service minded approach
Sahayam who disclosed his assets 4. Brew Conflicts of interest  Emboss Societal stereotypes
4. Empathy & compassion  S R Sankaran instrumental MORAL LAPSES:
role in bonded labour act 5. Paternalistic attitude  maa-baap, elitist trends
5. Theory of parliamentary democracy  OM Birla as LS 6. Partisanship politics, competitive politics
speaker maintaining objective analysis of MP’s 7. Corruption, red Tapism
6. Prevents trust decay  RN Ravi 8. Dehumanises governance
7. Manifesting right attitude & aptitude for governance

8. Resolves conflict of interests  no favouritism,
nepotism 1. 2nd ARC  bureaucracy must be government neutral & not
9. At organisational level  programme neutral
10. Narasimha Rao  sent Atal Bihari Vajpayee to 2. 11th [adopting technology] & 12th [citizen centric
represent india in intl conference governance] report by 2nd ARC
11. RN Ravi  interlocutor of govt and naga tribes 3. HOTA committee about challenges in maintaining the
12. Mr. Kuvempu  VC of mysore univ, but didn’t abuse order
his power for passing his son in BA exam
PROBITY: QUOTES:
1. Categorical imperative  following universality
1. Quality of strict adherence to highest possible ethical commands
standards such as __ while performing an act 2. Veil of ignorance by John Rawls  unbiased &
2. Morality + probity = good governance impartial decisions
3. SDG 16  ensuring ATP of govt institutions 3. Discipline of perception – discipline of will – discipline
of action
4. Max weber  creates legitimacy of bureaucracy
MANIFESTATIONS OF 5. Nolan committee  key ingredient for stable
PROBITY: bureaucratic structure
1. Integrity 6. Transparency & accountability  “Master Key” for
2. Honesty governance
3. Impartiality 7. John F kennedy  “No responsibility of Institutions
4. Accountability more fundamental than the responsibility of
5. Transparency maintaining higher standards of ethical behavior”
6. Answerability 8. Thirukkural 111  “Position of power is good to occupy,
7. Confidentiality when one practices; Impartiality, unfailingly, towards all
8. Dedication sections”
• “Water ensures cleanliness externally; Probity makes
inner purity evident” [298]
PROBITY:
+VE EXAMPLES
1. Asok Khemka
2. RN Ravi for his imparti
3. Nirmal mukerjee
+VE EXAMPLES 4. TN Sheshan
1. Ethical governance  Nirmal mukerjee 5. U Sahayam who disclosed his assets
2. Rule of law  TN Sheshan 6. OM Birla as LS speaker maintaining
3. Transparency & accountability + probity  U Sahayam who objective analysis of MP’s
disclosed his assets 7. Empathy & compassion
4. Empathy & compassion  S R Sankaran instrumental role in
bonded labour act
5. Theory of parliamentary democracy  OM Birla as LS speaker
maintaining objective analysis of MP’s CHALLENEGS:
6. Prevents trust decay  RN Ravi 1. Risk aversion attitude  turpitude
7. Manifesting right attitude & aptitude for governance  2. Neglecting service minded approach
8. Ethos of governance  3. Partisanship politics
9. Resolves conflict of interests  no favouritism, nepotism 4. Corruption, red Tapism
10. At organisational level  5. Conflict of interests
6. Moral lapses 
7. Lack of stability bureaucratic structure 
1. 2nd ARC  bureaucracy must be government neutral & not 8. Paternalistic attitude, maa–baap
programme neutral to ensure probity attitude,
2. HOTA committee about challenges in maintaining the order 9. Societal stereotypes
ACCOUNTABILITY QUOTES:
1. Categorical imperative  following universality
commands
2. Veil of ignorance by John Rawls  unbiased &
1. Responsiveness –Enforcement –Answerability impartial decisions
2. Morality + Accountability = good governance 3. Discipline of perception – discipline of will –
3. SDG 16  ensuring ATP of govt institutions discipline of action
4. Triple chain of accountability  CS-ministers, 4. Max weber  creates legitimacy of bureaucracy
ministers-legislatures, legislatures-citizens 5. Nolan committee  key ingredient for stable
5. Answerability for one’s action or behaviour bureaucratic structure
6. Fulfilling assigned obligations, objectives in time 6. Transparency & accountability  “Master Key” for
7. Public agencies objective managing of diverse governance
expectations generated within & outside the TOOLS FOR ENSURING ACCOUNTABILITY:
organization [Romnez & Dubnick] 1. Institutional mechanisms  CAG, CVC, Lokpal, Lokyukta
8. As Sunlight is the best disinfectant for harmful 2. Constitutional provisions  executive responsibility, EC,
microorganisms, Transparency is the best disinfectant CAG, courts of law
for Corruption 3. E-governance  ONDC, GeM portal,
9. 4. Regulatory bodies  CPCB, CERC, SEBI, TRAI
5. Operational mechanisms  code of conduct, AICS 1968,
social audit mechanism, citizen’s charter, citizen report
cards, participatory budgeting measures
6. Personality development capacity building
AIM:
1. At individual level  moral, performance -VE EXAMPLES
2. At societal level  gender parity, de-marginalisation, social accountability 1. Risk aversion attitude  turpitude
3. At organisational level  PDS systems, TATA, professional, financial 2. Neglecting service minded
accountability approach
4. At administrative level  3. Partisanship politics
 Ethical governance  Nirmal mukerjee
4. Corruption, red Tapism
 Rule of law  TN Sheshan
5. Conflicts of interest
 Transparency & accountability + probity  U Sahayam who disclosed his
6. Callous & Capricious attitude
assets towards other sex, flora & fauna
 Empathy & compassion  S R Sankaran instrumental role in bonded labour
7. Paternalistic attitude
act 8. Societal stereotypes
 Theory of parliamentary democracy  OM Birla as LS speaker maintaining
objective analysis of MP’s
 Fax tracking of project clearances  anil swarup in project monitoring group
 Prevents trust decay, as it creates feedback mechanism  RN Ravi
 Manifesting right attitude & aptitude for governance 
 Ethos of governance 
 Resolves conflict of interests  no favouritism, nepotism
1. At national international levels  environmental degradation, cross border
terrorism
TYPES OF
ACCOUNTABILITY
TYPES
1. Legal accountability  to law, rules, regulations
2. Political accountability of politicians WAY FORWARD:
3. Moral accountability 1. Assam Govt  decision to enable Govt officials and
4. Performance accountability public servants to pay Electricity bills, thus ending
5. Professional accountability  vertical, horizontal, the “Tax-payer funded Electricity consumption of
downward, diagonal govt officials” to inc Accountability
6. Administrative accountability  to citizens & rule of la
7. Financial accountability  transparency in financial
proceedings
8. Social accountability  exact accountability from public
authorities
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
QUOTES:
1. Golden mean by aristotle
1. Ethical dilemma A decision-making situation where
2. Madhyam marg  buddha
choice is to be made btw 2 contradicting choices, neither
3. C S Lewis  about integrity
of which resolves the situation in a morally satisfactorily
4. Rule 13 of all india civil services conduct rules 1968 
manner
must not engage in inconsistent duties which might affect
2. Conflict of interests  happens when a public/private
public interests
individual or entity has competing personal, financial,
5. Jaina principle of syaadavanda  perspective knowledge
professional interests that directly challenges the ethics of
6. Sustainable development aims
public/private administration
PARTISANSHIP POLITICS EXAMPLES
1. Chandra kochar case
2. Videocon case
3. Recent allegations against former TN CM
allocating highways road management to own
family
4. P J Thomas case  former CVC where allegations
where raised against him
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
FACTORS IN PUBLIC
1. Rule of Laws vs conscience  aadhar card linkage for PDS vs FACTORS IN PRIVATE
bestowing grains based on conscience 1. Impartiality vs compassion  a deprived person
2. Democratic attitude vs bureaucratic attitude  implementing seeking benefits from a welfare scheme but
lockdown vs ameliorating conditions of migrant workers does not have req documents
3. Impartiality vs compassion  a deprived person seeking benefits 2. Belief vs action 
from a welfare scheme but does not have req documents 3. Theory vs practice 
4. Duty vs welfare land acquisition in tribal areas for setting up 4. Environment responsibility 
renewable energy 5. Fairness vs discrimination 
5. Rules vs tradition  dowry tradition vs rules prohibiting it 6. Professional duty vs personal life 
6. National security vs transparency  confidential secrets vs right to 7. Rules vs tradition  dowry tradition vs rules
know information article 19[1][a] prohibiting it
7. Personal vs public interests  efficient builder vs kin in highways 8. Secrecy vs privacy  confidential secrets vs
allocation [Recent allegations against former TN CM allocating personal biodata
highways road management to own family] 9. Whistle blowing activity  professional conduct
8. Personal duty vs public duty  army officer vs moral conduct
9. Professional conduct vs moral conduct Whistle blowing activity 10. Nondisclosure of unethical activates to protect
10. Social harmony vs violation of human rights illegal survey in the fame and reputation
criminality, violation of law
11. Passive euthanasia vs liberty of an ill-scorned individual
12. Judges recusal 
TOLERANCE QUOTES & PHRASES
1. Sarva dharma sambhav gandhi
2. Ashoka’s dhamma
1. Ability to endure diversified viewpoint & practices 3. Akbar  sul-I-kul
in an environment 4. Martin Luther king  “if we want to live in peace, our
2. Fair, objective, permissive attitude towards other loyalties must transcend beyond religion, caste,
who hold different religious, faith, nationality community, creed, race, to see ourselves in the end
identities with a just and egalitarian society”
5. Rig veda  “truth is one, but sages call it in different
SIGNIFICANCE: name”‐all religions are one and equal.
1. Right attitude for governance  optimism, integrity, fortitude, 6. Vedanta philosophy religious tolerance
2. Ethos of governance  citizen centric 7. Jaina principle of syaadavanda  perspective
3. Ethical & inclusive governance  tolerance, democratic knowledge
governance 8. Buddhist principle of madhyam marg  middle path
4. Transparency, accountability, probity  reducing trust decay 9. Voltaire  I may don't agree with what u say, but will
5. Right aptitude for governance  team building, resource & defend to death you right to say it
data management, professionalism, innovation & inspiration 10. Aristotle  “Golden Mean – middle ground btw
6. Inculcates EI on Intellect of bureaucrats interests ”
7. Espouses national unity & fraternity 11. John Locke  religious tolerance idea
8. Resolving conflicts of interest  promotes public service
9. Objectives of preamble
TOLERANCE
1. Ability to endure diversified viewpoint & practices
in an environment
2. Fair, objective, permissive attitude towards other
who hold different religious, faith, nationality
identities

-VE EXAMPLES
 Gujarat riots 2004, sikh riots 1984,
+VE EXAMPLES: Tuticorin shootings
1. An AICS working in south and is from north 1. Political intolerance  vendetta,
2. Rule of law polarization, xenophobia
3. Empathy & compassion 2. Risk aversion attitude  turpitude
4. Article 19, article 21 3. Neglecting service minded approach
5. Eco growth & development 4. Partisanship politics
6. Creation of social capital 5. Corruption, red Tapism
7. J H Nehru after indo china war  tolerated 6. Conflicts of interest
criticism 7. Callous & Capricious attitude
towards other sex, flora & fauna
8. Paternalistic attitude
9. Societal stereotypes
 QUOTES & PHRASES

RELIGION 1. Sarva dharma sambhav gandhi

2. Ashoka’s dhamma
1. Hoffeding in his book “religious philosophy” 3. Akbar  sul-I-kul
defines religions as “Faith in conservation of 4. Martin Luther king  “if we want to live in peace, our loyalties must
value” transcend beyond religion, caste, community, creed, race, to see
2. Galloway defines religions as man’s faith in ourselves in the end with a just and egalitarian society”
power beyond himself whereby he seeks to satisfy 5. Rig veda  “truth is one-sages call it in different name”‐all religions
emotional needs and gains stability of life, which are one and equal.
he expresses in acts of worship & service 6. Jaina principle of syaadavanda  perspective knowledge
7. John Locke  religious tolerance idea

-VE EXAMPLES
SIGNIFICANCE:  Gujarat riots 2004, sikh riots 1984,
1. Right attitude for governance  optimism,
+VE EXAMPLES: Tuticorin shootings
integrity, fortitude,
1. An AICS working in south 1. Political intolerance  vendetta,
2. Ethos of governance  citizen centric
and is from north polarization, xenophobia,
3. Ethical & inclusive governance 
2. Rule of law Partisanship politics
3. Empathy & compassion 2. Risk aversion attitude  turpitude
4. LGBTQ+ 3. Neglecting service minded approach
5. Article 19, article 21 4. Conflicts of interest
6. Eco growth & 5. Callous & Capricious attitude
development towards other sex, flora & fauna
7. Creation of social capital 6. Societal stereotypes
KNOWLEDGE

QUOTES
1. John Locke  stressed on empiricism as source of
knowledge
2. Pursuit of knowledge is the highest goal  Socrates
3. Hume, Rousseau  same empiricism
4. Kant  transcendental idealism – knowledge of
external world is mediated by internal structures
 Priori knowledge  does not depend on experience
 Posteriori knowledge  based on experience
1. Charvaka school of philosophy
FORTITUDE
NECESSITY:
1. Maximising utility of oneself
1. Plato’s virtue  stand for what is right even if its 2. Risk taking scenarios
alone 3. Bolsters innovation
2. C S Lewis  integrity 4. Citizen centric governance
3. Aristotle  I count him brave who is able to
overcome his desires than him who conquers his
enemies, for the hardest victory is over self
4. Jean paul satre  meaningful life based on EXAMPLES:
authenticity, freedom & choice is appreciable, 1. Serena Williams being pregnant, but won 23rd grand
dejecting existentialists crisis slam
• Competence & Confidence  fortitude
LIBERTY NECESSITY:
1. Maximising utility of oneself
1. Lord Acton  2. Risk taking scenarios
• “The delicate fruit of mature civilization is liberty” 3. Bolsters innovation
• “Power tends to corrupt & absolute power corrupts 4. Citizen centric governance
absolutely”
1. Friedrich Hayek  “economic form of liberty is more
imp than Political liberty, as the former begets latter”
2. John Stuart mill “Essay on Liberty”  “only purpose for
which power can be used against he will of particular
community, is to protect them from harm”
3. Karl Popper’s “Open City” people have modest desires
to achieve solution to day-day problems +otherwise to
preserve freedom & responsibility
LEADERSHIP PILLARS:
1. Guidance
1. Steve jobs  “Innovation distinguishes leader & 2. Solution
Followers” 3. Goal
2. John Q Adams  “if One’s action inspires others to 4. Motivation
“Do-, Learn, Become-”more, then he is a Leader” 5. Communication
6. Plan
7. Vision
8. Direction
DEDICATION TO
SERVICE
SIGNIFICANCE:
1. Right attitude for governance  optimism, integrity, fortitude,
1. Spending one’s own time, self, energy, capital 2. Ethos of governance  citizen centric
Service to the cause of public welfare, without 3. Ethical & inclusive governance  tolerance
the need of a formal commitment 4. Transparency, accountability, probity  reducing trust decay
2. Margret chase smith  beside doing job 5. Right aptitude for governance  team building, resource &
efficiently & honestly, there must be utmost data management, professionalism, innovation & inspiration
dedication to nation & citizenries 6. Inculcates EI on Intellect of Bureaucrats
3. Daridra nayaran by vivekananda  service to 7. Espouses national unity & fraternity
mankind is service to god 8. Resolving conflicts of interest  promotes public service
4. Thirukkural 211  “Doings one’s duty without 9. Objectives of preamble
desiring any favors, is like rain; what can the
world do in return for rains”
5. Paramartha Pharmo Dhrama  “Helping others
is the biggest duty”
DEDICATION TO
SERVICE
+VE EXAMPLES:
1. Bindeshwar pathak
-VE EXAMPLES
1. Risk aversion attitude  turpitude
2. Kartayayani amma of kerala
2. Neglecting service minded approach
3. S R Sankaran
3. Partisanship politics
4. Rajendra Prasad
4. Corruption, red Tapism
5. Parameshwaram Iyer
5. Conflicts of interest
6. P N narahari
6. Callous & Capricious attitude towards other
7. Laungi Bhuiya  canal man of bihar
sex, flora & fauna
8. Guruprasad Mohapatra  played
7. Paternalistic attitude
instrumental role in ensuring stable supply
8. Societal stereotypes
of critical oxygen during 2nd wave of COVID-
9. Soft society against moral lapses
19 in 2021, though he sacrificed his life in
the cause
PUBLIC FEATURE OF PUBLIC SERVICE DELIEVRANCE:
1. Citizen centric  Integrity, honesty
2. Trust building

SERVICE
3. Accountability, Transparency , Probity
1. Public Service  Spending one’s own time, self, energy, capital to 4. Efficiency & Fairness
the cause of public welfare, with/without the need of a formal 5. Empathy & compassion
commitment 6. Accessibility, affordability, availability,
2. To realise your own individual morality, is to lose yourself at the Innovation
service of others  Gandhi
3. Daridra nayaran  service to mankind is service to god by
vivekananda 1. Selflessness
4. Kaultiya's arthashastra  king’s welfare notion 2. Integrity
3. Openness
4. Honesty
5. Empathy and compassion
6. Lawfulness
OBJECTIVES
7. Dedicating oneself
1. Promoting general welfare by providing essential goods &
services
2. To ensure public safety from natural & artificial disasters
3. To promote social justice & quality of life  ease of living
4. To promote economic growth + ease of doing business
5. To promote environment sustainability
6. To upheld rule of law & supremacy of constitution
7. To promote democratic governance
PUBLIC
SERVICE
INITIATIVES: WAY FORWRAD:
1. Right to public services act of 2010 Margret chase smith  beside doing job efficiently
2. Citizen charter & honestly, there must be utmost dedication to
3. Accountability mechanism  nation & citizenries
4. Institution mechanism 1. Common
5. E-Gov & NESDA portal 2. MP  public service guarantee act 2010
6. Pragati portal 3. Local bodies decentralization
7. Capacity building programmes 4. RTI Act of 2005
8. Decentralised ideas  5. CSC’s
6. Innovative techs  aadhar, UPI, etc

7 STEPS OF SERVOTTAM MODEL: AS PER 2ND ARC

1. Define & identify
2. Set standards
3. Develop capability & infrastructure
4. Perform
5. Monitor performance
6. Evaluate
7. Continuous improvement
 PUBLIC SERVICE PRIVATE SERVICE 7 PRINCIPLES OFF PUBLIC LIFE:
SIAL HOO of Nolan
 Held accountable to public  Held accountable to its consumers 1. Selflessness
2. Integrity
 National interest, Service oriented  For profit making
3. Objectivity
 Non-excludable & non-rivalrous in  Excludable & rivalrous in nature 4. Accountability
nature 5. Openness
 Formal  Informal & individualistic 6. Honesty
 Found on laws, rules etc [external  Found on emotional bonds, morals, 7. Leadership
constraints ] values etc [internal constraints ]
 Owned and controlled by  Owned and controlled by private PILLARS:
government individuals 1. Absolutism
 One-one relationships  Wide public & its inter-relationships 2. Universal
3. Objective
 Funded by taxes and budgets  Private investment 4. Formal
 More accessible  Accessibility depends on the 5. Social Coverage
affordability 6. Personal vs social
 Strict regulation and standards  Flexibility in rules and regulations

PUBLIC & PRIVATE ETHICS:

1. Must not be overt congruence
2. There must not be conflicts as well
 dissatisfaction, guilt, cognitive
dissonance, perplexity
 PUBLIC ETHICS PRIVATE ETHICS

 Formal nature  based on laws,  Informal nature

rules, regulations, based on
professionalism,
 Based on objectivity  Based on subjectivity
 Wider accountability mechanism  Parochial accountability mechanism
 Self-lessness  Self-interest promotion attitude
 Boundaries are rigid  Boundaries are flexible and can be
influenced by peers
CITIZEN’S CHARTER
FEATURES/PILALRS:
1. Quality of deliverance
2. Flexible Choice of services
1. DARPG  Document representing the commitment of 3. Proper Standards of deliverance
organization towards ensuring proper standard, quality & 4. Accountability of govt
timely deliverance of public service to the larger populace 5. Transparency of operations
2. Was an outcome of “Conference Of CM’s” in 1997, 6. Value to taxpayer’s money
7. Grievance redressal mechanism 
Procedural democracy
CITIZEN CENTRIC
GOVERNACE
FEATURES AS PER 2ND ARC:
1. Citizen’s seeking information 
2. Citizens giving suggestions 
3. Citizens demanding better
services 
4. Citizens holding accountable 
5. Active participation in decision
making 
CITIZEN’S CHARTER
SIGNIFICANCE WITH OBEJCTIVES:
1. Improving accountability & reducing corruption & malaise CHALLENGES:
acts  dept of posts have implemented in all its branches 1. One size fits all approach  leading to fragmented &
[maharastra has enacted right to public services act] diffused implementation of act
2. Promoting citizen centric Governance & upholding 2. Vagueness of charter with unrealistic practical norms &
Representative democracy  sakala initiative of karnataka regulations
government 3. Anachronous & outdated nature of charter 
3. Structural changes in Public Governance system  key 4. Lack of infrastructure & institutional capacity to cater the
differential btw developing/developed world objectives of CC
4. Speedy redressal of public grievances [Procedural 5. Non-binding nature, non-justiciable nature  poor
democracy] in tamil nadu municipalities where authorities enforcement, Lack of accountability mechanisms to
are fined for delays & ultra vires acts via citizen charter enforce charter
5. Strengthening roots of democracy & reducing democracy 6. Lack of effective decentralisation to local bodies 
deficit  participatory governance 7. Refutes the theory of participatory governance  Lack of
6. Quality & timely public service deliverance  jan sewa consultative formulation of charter
kendras in Ahmedabad

1. 2nd ARC  Servottam model of governance [3-pillars]

SERVOTTAM MODEL
1. By 2nd ARC, over implications by citizen charter
2. Administration/ governance quality  key differentiator btw
developed and developing countries

7 STEPS:
1. Define & identify 3 PILLARS:
2. Set standards 1. Citizen charter to citizen
3. Develop capability empowerment
4. Perform 2. Public grievance system 
5. Monitor performance redress satisfaction
6. Evaluate 3. Capacity enhancement via
7. Continuous improvement enhancing service delivery
capcability
CITIZEN CENTRIC GOVERNANCE
AND GOOD GOVERNANCE
1. Locke model  MEASURES TO ENSURE GOOD GOVERNACE
2. Hobbes model  1. Robust legal framework 
3. Jean Jacques Rousseau  social contract is based on 2. Robust institutional mechanism 
natural goodness, general will, noble salvage 3. Optimal capacity building measures
4. J S Mill  democratic setup 4. Re-engineering process to make governance
5. CHANGE oriented bureaucracy  more citizen friendly
5. Modern technology
6. Right to information
7. Citizen’s charter
8 PILLARS AS PER WORLD BANK 8. Independent evaluation of services
1. Participatory Governance model 9. Grievance redressal mechanism
2. Rule of law  10. Public Private Partnership
3. Transparency 
4. Responsiveness 
5. Consensus oriented 
6. Equity and inclusiveness 
7. Effectiveness and efficiency 
8. Accountability 
GOOD GOVERNANCE EXAMPLES
GREIVANCE REDRESSAL LAST MILE REACH OF PUBLCI EMPOWERMENT OF MARGINALSIED
1. MO Sarkar in Odisha random SERVICES SECTIONS
call to acquire feedback 1. Sakala Model of Karnataka 1. E-gram Viswagram project of Guj 
2. Jan Socha Portal of Rajasthan  2. MO Bus service free bus to bridge digital divide in the state
service 2. Bike Ambulances in Odisha inc
3. Arogya Kunji clinics tribal institutional births to 97%
health services in Odisha

EASE OF LIVING EASE OF DOING BUSINESS ECONOMCI GRWOTH

1. MO Sarkar in Odisha random 1. MO Sarkar in Odisha random 1. MO Sarkar in Odisha random
call to acquire feedback call to acquire feedback call to acquire feedback
2. Jan Socha Portal of Rajasthan  2. Jan Socha Portal of Rajasthan  2. Jan Socha Portal of Rajasthan 
GOOD GOVERNANCE EXAMPLES
ACCOUNATBILITY OF INSTITUIONS
1. BDO Scorecard scheme of Jharkhand 
• To assess performance of Block
Development officer
1. E-attendance app of MLA in Assam  geo-
tagging of officials to assess performance
2. Infrastructure snapshot app  monitoring
project implementation by public

PARTICIPATORY GOVERNANCE
1. POSCO steel plant in Odisha was
dismantled after concerns raised by
delhi environmentalists
2. Inculcation of pre-school curriculum in
actual 5 + 3 + 3 + 4 curriculum model of
NEP 2020, after consultation
3. Participatory budgeting by Pune MC
GOOD GOVERNANCE EXAMPLES
OVERALL:
1. Ensure ATP of govt institutions 

2. Last mile reach of public services 

3. Innovation-Efficiency thus minimal resource mobilisation max 1. Recently chattisgarh govt has
Service deliverance  institutionalised “Good Governance
& Convergence dept” 
4. Leverage technology for better governance 

5. Promote Community Participation  inclusive governance

setup
6. Promoting of Livelihood 
• Health 
• Education 
1. Economic growth 

2. Empowerment of marginalised sections 

COMMUNITY BASED MANEGMETN
SYSTEMS OVERALL:
1. Ensure ATP of govt institutions 

2. Last mile reach of public services 

3. Innovation-Efficiency thus minimal resource mobilisation max
Service deliverance 

4. Leverage technology for better governance 

5. Promote Community Participation  inclusive governance

setup
6. Promoting of Livelihood Security 
• Johar Poshan Van in Jharkhand for nutrition
• Ratri Chaupal for Hygiene & sanitation awareness
1. Economic growth 

2. Empowerment of marginalised sections 

MISC
CRISIS MANAGEMTN:
1. Preparedness  crisis management
community, Disaster Management
committee
2. Response  National Disaster
Response fund
3. Recovery 
4. Rehabilitation 
5. Reconstruction 
6. Risk Reduction 
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
1. Is derived from latin word, ad + ministirae = to serve QUOTES
2. In public administration domain, 1. Margret chase smith
 Process of cooperative activism 2. Gandhi
 Allocation & Efficient use of resources 3. Vivekananda
 Last mile saturation of schemes 4. Plato’s “Philosopher King ”  policy makers should be
 Timely Deliverance of public services guided by their knowledge & commitment to public
 moral values good
5. Jean Jacques Rousseau  general will of citizenries
must be the source of government power, popular
sovereignty lies within people
6. Max Weber  must be value rational in their behavior
7 PRINCIPLES OFF PUBLIC LIFE: 7. Kaultiya’s Artha shastra  primary goal of state is to
1. Selflessness promote welfare of people
2. Integrity
3. Objectivity
4. Accountability
5. Openness
6. Honesty
7. Leadership
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
CODE OF ETHICS CODE OF CONDUCT

 Aspirational document containing  Directional document containing

values and principles , Bolsters Right rules & policies , Bolsters right
judgment, decision making actions & behaviours
 Wide content coverage for  Narrow 1. However both cannot be separated
solicitating behaviour as they holistically influence on
each other
ADMINISTRATIVE ETHICS
1. Set of morals & ethical values, which guides a public VALUES
administrator in proper deliverance of public services 1. Integrity with honesty
2. Standards and norms which governs the conduct of 2. Impartiality with objectivity
public administrator 3. empathy with compassion
3. Gunnyar Myrdal Scandinavian sociologist  erosion 4. Dedication
of discipline in public life among bureaucrats 5. Fortitude
WHY AE IS THE NEED OF THE HOUR 6. Efficiency & Effectiveness
1. Sorely neglected  abysmal quality of public services
deliverance
2. Need for good & ethical governance  Increased moral lapses
[corruption, nepotism, complacency, favouritism ]
3. Rule of men rather than rule of law  abuse of power &
authority ,
4. Promoting personal rather than public interests  Chandra
kochar case, Videocon case
5. Decay of public trust
6. Tackling sociocultural inequalities & Stereotypes caste-based
discriminations
7. To reap economic growth & bolster economic development
ADMINISTRATIVE ETHICS
DETERMINANTS
INITIATIVES 1. Historical factors  negligence by ICS
1. 2nd ARC  moral code of conduct 2. Sociocultural moral & societal norms 
2. Citizen charter & its domain examples protestant culture promoted hardworking
3. NESDA portal 3. Moral compass
4. Institutional mechanism 4. Legal factors  laws, rules, bye-laws
5. Operational mechanism 5. Efficient judicial system
6. Policy mechanism 6. Organizational culture
7. Public choice theory  checks and 7. Professional standards  e.g., NASBA
balances systems established “Code of Ethics for its citizens”
8. Level of economic development
STATE/COUNTRY SIGNIFICANCE
1. Addressing market failures  Keynes
2. Maintain order, equality, Rule of law &
not rule of men  hobbes
QUOTES:
3. Welfare state, Sociocultural
1. “Max Weber”  “A state is a human community that claims the
development with eliminating
monopoly of legitimate use of conceive power in a territory ”
inequalities  Rousseau
2. Adam smith in his “Justice & Fraternity”  “Theory of Minimal State”,
where state only shud intervene during adverse times
3. Batisat  in “The Law”, says thru “legal instrument States does ‘Legal
Plunder’, thus violating liberties and freedom”
4. Aristotle  “Man By nature is a Political Animal” -->
5. Thomas Hobbes  -VE SIGNIFICANCE
 Government is a necessary not because man Is bad but becoz man by 1. Hannah Ardent  “Banality of Evil” [where
nature is individualistic rather than social common populace are persuaded for
 strong governing body with powers formed via social contract, for violent, unconstitutional acts]
preventing chaos, promote equality, rule of law 2. Xenophobia, Antisemitic protests
 “life of man is short, brutish, solitary, poor without state system” 3. Religious fundamentalist
1. Max Weber  policy maker must be value rational in their behavior 4. Cartographical aggression, hunger for land
2. Kaultiya’s Arthashastra  primary goal of state is to promote welfare of 5. State sponsored terrorism
people [Yogashema Principle] 6. Socially engineered warfare
3. Plato’s “Philosopher King ”  policy makers should be guided by their 7. Biological warfare
knowledge & commitment to public good 8. Tarde related warfare
4. “Gandhi”  “7 sins  politics without principle”
IDEA OF WELFARE STATE
1. UN  govt takes responsibility for providing AIM:
citizenries with essential goods & services for 1. Embedded in Preamble  justices, values
promoting livelihood security 2. Includes Article 38 of indian constitution Idea of
social justice

1. Kaultiya's arthashastra 
QUOTES: 2. Thomas hobbes  necessity for
1. Plato’s “Philosopher King ”  policy makers should be government
guided by their knowledge & commitment to public 3. Max weber 
good 4. George Orwell War is peace. Freedom is
2. Jean Jacques Rousseau  general will of citizenries slavery. Ignorance is strength (An
must be the source of government power, popular undemocratic state will try to control the
sovereignty lies within people people’s liberty and minds”
3. Max Weber  must be value rational in their behavior
4. Kaultiya’s Artha shastra  primary goal of state is to
promote welfare of people
STATE’S MONOPOLY USE OF
+VE EFFECTS:
COERCION 1. Article 39b 
2. Rule of law 
1. Max weber’s famous dictum on modern state 3. Tax on intoxicants 
 monopoly of state power to statistics and 4. Minimum corporate tax & Equalisation levy on revenue
data 5. Burp tax 
2. Monopoly over coercive actions service to 6. Equality 
republic book by vijay kelkar • School uniform
3. “The Harm Principle”  state’s legitimate use of 1. BNS + BNSS 
coercion is to constraint the actions of
individuals which does harm to others -VE EFFECTS:
1. Imposing Hijab 
2. Mao Suits by Mao Zedang 
3. Regulatory cholesterol 
NATIONALISM
+VE EFFECTS:
1. “Sense of Identity & Feeling of Togetherness 1. Unification & Consolidation of territories as in
where people with common sociocultural Case of Germany and Italy
practices share” 2. To Overthrow the “Engines of Inequality”  INM
2. Rabindranath Tagore  movement , apartheid regime
• Patriotism cannot be our final Spiritual Shelter: 3. Fruits of Civic nationalism 
My refuge is in Humanity 4. Preserves cultural identity in a globalised world
• I will not buy Pack of Glass for Price of order
Diamond. I will not Allow Patriotism to triumph 5. Sense of Pride  while representing Olympics,
over Sense of Humanity as long as I live T20 world cup
6. Realisation of Multilateralism 
7. Strengthens “Notion of Collective and Common
Development” 
8. Reduces dependency from other nations 
NATIONALISM
-VE EFFECTS:
1. Regional consciousness 
• Breaking up of states  “Partition, USSR,
Yugoslavia crisis”
• Inter-state issues 
• Might succumb to plethora of diversities 
failure of “Treaty of Versailles”
1. Religious fundamentalism 
2. Issues over cultural nationalism 
3. Can promote polarisation tendencies 
4. Can erode rule of law 
• Cartographical aggression 
1. Can promote authoritarianism tendencies 
Middle kingdom mentality
ANY PROBLEMS/ CHALLENEGES: POLITICAL SYSTEMS
FAMILIAL VALUES & SOCEITAL NORMS 1. Political Interference  report by transparency international
1. Bolsters nepotism, favouritism, 2. Transfer industry phenomena Callous political interference
2. Gender, caste-based discriminations [Occupational Hazard], criminalization of politics
3. Dynamic public expectations 3. Promoting Personal interests
4. Asymmetric power distribution  due to 4. Lack of independence
informalization this gets even strenuous 5. Bureaucratic red tape  118 days to start a business in india than 6
5. Soft society as G Myrdal said days in new Zealand
6. Fear of retaliation from political parties
ORGANIZATIONAL SYSTEMS 7. Lack of democratic decentralization  maa-baap attitude
1. People thin & Process Thick scenario  Limited 8. Conflicts of interest btw citizenries & administrators
resources  fund & natural resources 9. Travesty of justice  moral lapses, Tort of malfeasance, turpitude
2. Mindset of Colonial legacy, Authoritarianism  in activism, Risk aversion attitude
2nd ARC
3. Futile training & honing process LEGAL SYSTEMS
4. Weak incentives & promotion systems 1. Weak regulatory systems
5. Lack of accountability mechanism  moral 2. Limited accountability mechanism
lapses [cor, nepo, red tap, fav, ], Limited 3. Delayed & cumbersome legal processing
technology systems 4. Complex & outdated laws
6. Low competency & high attitude + low Atti & high 5. Limited power to CAG
Apti  concerns of 2nd ARC – mismatch of 6. Vagueness, ambiguous provisions in
attitude & aptitude, technocratic gap laws, rules  PoCA, Benami act, RTI act
INTERNATIONAL ETHICS
ABOUT
GUIDING PRINCIPLES
1. Abiding to moral principles by nations,
1. Philosophy of Westphalia  recognizing territorial
states & intl bodies
sovereignty
2. Panchsheel & Gujral Doctrine  mutual cooperation
3. Philosophy of nonviolence 
4. Philosophy of sustainability environmentalism
THEORIES & PERSPECTIVES: 5. Philosophy of global common  Equity distribution of
1. Realism  path of power maximization & justice, resources [equal world order]
self-interest 6. Strategic Patience —> S Jaishankar on india’s way book
2. Liberalism Commitment to protect human rights  Liberalism,
3. Cosmopolitan perspective  theory of Cosmopolitan, Constructivism, Pacifism, feminism
inter-connectedness, recognizing 7. Global cooperation  Vasudheiva kudumbagam
individual values & freedom, worth 8. Gandhian principles faith in shared destiny of global
4. Constructivism  promoting cooperation, citizens, faith In the collective will of the people
societal harmony, global common
5. Pacifist perspectives
6. Feminism  gender equality
INTERNATIONAL ETHICS

GOOD EXAMPLES
1. “Vasudheiva Kudumbagam”  vaccine maitri, Bhutan
funding on 12th plan
2. “Athithi Devo Bhava”  home for migrants
3. Human rights  ILO Conventions, UN universal
declaration of human rights
4. Development assistance  committee of OECD,
UNICEF, WB, IMF, Marshal plan by USA, PL 480
scheme
5. Infra development  Belt & road initiative in central
asia
6. Environmental  Germany & France assisting in
climate change initiatives in Sahel, global cooperation

7. War & peace Geneva & Hague conventions on War

INTERNATIONAL ETHICS
BAD EXAMPLES
1. Cartographical aggression 9’ line, dhoklam standoff, russia-Ukraine war, cold war btw APPROACH:
USSR vs USA, salami slicing strategy, Usage of WMD [germany in WW1], Bioweapons 1. Terrorism & Extremism
[germany in WW2], Nuclear weapons [USA]  2. Environmental
2. Terrorism & security related issues Support to terrorism [ USSR under Stalin as white & 3. Nation sponsored
red terror, war on terrorism campaign by USA, reign of terrorism in france by jacobian 4. Hyman rights violation
government , Good/Bad terrorism by Pakistan, Uyghur genocide, Muammar gadaffi 5. Lack of intl institutional
reign in Libya], hamas terrorism, Al Qaeda, ISIS, framework
3. Human rights violation  based on gender, race, ethnicity, freedom [Rwandan Genocide, N
Korea on freedom, Myanmar Rohingya, Syrian Refugee crisis, china not allowing
Arunachal Pradesh players to participate in asian games, use of waterboarding by USA in
war on terror campaign]
4. Complex & multifaceted Climate change problem  deprived marginalized sections,
distributive injustice,
5. Futile intl organization  reinforcing power imbalances btw wealthy & poor countries, lack
of transparency in operations, lack of scientifically organized economic policies [IMF’s
structural readjustment polices in 1990’s which increased inequalities]
6. Nation sponsored moral lapses  neo-colonialism, polarization tendencies on global trade,
debt trap funding [china 1T$ debt collector name], cultural imperialism [ideological
dominance by china], NGO funding for terrorism activities, belt & road initiative
INTERNATIONAL LAW
APPROACH:
1. Monica hakimi  balance btw authority & legal 1. Terrorism & Extremism
system 2. Environmental
2. Howse & teitel  not just compliance is essential for 3. Nation sponsored
effective implementation 4. Hyman rights violation
5. Lack of intl institutional framework
LAW VIRTUES IN DECISION MAKING :

SYSTEM
1. Set of formal rules, guidelines, Enforceable by
1. Reversibility of decisions making efficient &quick
decisions-jeff bezos
2. Inversion Analysis analysing weak points – michael
systemic governance or courts of law systems
2. St Thomas Aquinas  “ordinance of reason for jordon,
common good”, promulgate by central 3. Basic principles thinking  elon musk – battery problem
community caretaker 4. Eisenhower box  Decide, Do, Delegate, Delete

SIGNIFICANCE
1. Setting standards of behavior for common good WAY FORWARD:
2. Rule of law, Preventing market failure 1. Must be proactive than reactive
3. Unequal competition 2. Must be universal in nature 
4. Ethical & inclusive governance regional, societal,
5. Vindicating sociocultural inequalities Social 3. Must not be anachronous in nature
endomorphosis 4. Must enable social endomorphosis
6. Social capital formation for economic growth &
development
7. Shaping social norms for common good
 LAWS CONSCIENCE
QUOTES:
 External checks  Internal checks 1. Edgar Bodenheimer  “Ethics are ‘In-
formal sources of law’ ”

 Relatively low social  Universal

coverage
 Formal  Informal devices

 Objectivity  Subjectivity

 Absolutism   Relativism

 Formal norms  from  Informal norms

statutory values
 Universal  wide coverage  Regional  parochial

 Globally determined highly  Personal  highly subjective

objective
 LEGALLY CORRECT CONSCIENTUOUSLY LEGALLY INCORRECT CONSCIENTUOUSLY CORRECT
WRONG
 Slave trade in USA is  But not conscientiously  Slave trade in USA is  Whistle blowing act
legally acceptable acceptable legally acceptable

 Apartheid regime  Not acceptable  CSE rule of 1964  Smitha Sabarwal

disallows CS to make questioning the
statements against “Authenticity of Judicial
Decree in Bilkis bano case”
 Nazi regime  Not acceptable
 Can attract defection  Conscientiously questioning
 Vernacular press act  Polarisation of society under 10th schedule “Actions of Political party”
 Vernacular press act  Polarisation of society

 Legally Laying-off  But actions are

people questionable  Legally Laying-off people  But actions are
questionable
 FOR LAW MAKERS:
FOR LAWS:
1. John Rawls 
1. Hobbes  without laws humans will be in  “policy planner must think behind veil of ignorance [ignoring
perpetual war against all attitude
personal status, wealth] to make impartial decisions theory of
2. John Locke  wherever law ends, tyranny
original position”,
begins  “ policies must aim at planning the inequalities in such a manner
3. Jeremey Bentham  law reforms must be
that the lest well-off in the society is empowered  differential
made simple, consistent, dynamic, “Theory
principle”
Of Utilitarianism”  maximizing good  “maxim principle” decisions should be based on worst case
minimizing inequalities
scenario for the least well-off individual in the society
4. BR Ambedkar  Law & order are medicine
1. Immanuel kant  “Categorical imperative - universal Commands to
for body politic, when body politic gets sick,
guide actions ”, “ based on good will of society” , “must manifest
medicine must be administered
autonomy & natural rights of citizenries”
5. Gandhi  A law is Binding only if satisfies
2. Gandhi ji  seven social sins – politics without principles
the Unwritten Code of Public Ethics
3. Plato’s philosopher king 
6. Martin Luther King 
4. Max Weber  must be value rational in their behavior
5. Kaultiya’s Artha shastra  primary goal of state is to promote
welfare of people, dharma conduct by law makers
6. Dr A P J Abdul kalam quote  “no nation is great just because its
legislature enacts this & that, but its citizens & policy makers good &
ethical”
CORRUPTION
1. NCRWC  deliberate, dishonest, wrongful abuse of public
resources or position by public servants for personal/private TYPES:
gain 1. Political corruption
2. Prevention of Corruption act 2. Bureaucratic corruption  low-
• Gross perversion of constitutional principles, level / street-level corruption
• Abuse of authority 3. Petty-, Grand-, Coercive-, Collusive-
• Obstruction of justice corruption
• Squandering of public money
1. 2nd ARC 
• Corruption = Monopoly +Discretion +Secrecy –Accountability
1. Gunnyar Myrdal Scandinavian sociologist  erosion of FORMS BY UNESCO:
discipline in public life among bureaucrats 1. Bribery
2. Embezzlement theft of
STATUS: public resources
1. Transparency international “Corruption Perception Index” 3. Fraud, deceit, swindle
 score 40, rank 90 [2023] in list of least corruption  serious 4. Extortion using violence
concerns for corruption [decreased from 2022] 5. Favouritism, Nepotism
2. Corruption survey 2019  50% respondents used to pay 6. Graft using political power +
bribes for services & rights influence peddling
3. Centre for media services  corruption has increased by 67% 7. Discretion, Arbitrary actions
in last 4 years
CORRUPTION
CAUSES:
1. Historical factors  colonial legacy, & unchallenged authority, low pay INITIATIVES
scale of colonial legacy 1. Institutional framework
2. Political factors  vote bank politics, nepotism, safe haven countries, 2. Law & legal framework
criminalization of politics 3. Rules  Operational framework
3. Institutional factors  institutional vacuum, skill gaps, lack of 4. Electoral reforms  MCC, banning criminal
accountability mechanism, department of dirty tricks phrase on CBI, candidates
CVC 5. Cases  “Neeraj Dutta case”  Preponderance
4. Operational factors  Farce rewards & promotion systems, of probability by SC
cumbersome lengthy operations, complicated governance structure 6. Benami transactions [Prohibition act]
[quick money system], 7. Debona neobona [wont give wont take]
5. Economic factors  inequalities, informalization initiative by DM in silchar district of odisha
6. Changing values & desires  rapid urbanization – more material
possession
7. Sociocultural factors  social acceptance [TI’s chairman Delia
Ferreria], soft society phenomena [G Myrdal], illiteracy, poverty gaps,
failure of education system
8. Anachronous & hampering corruption laws, IPC sections, lacunas in
Lokpal's, RTI acts
9. Weak judicial systems  global corruption barometer says 45%
respondents thinks judiciary as corrupt
10. Moral lapses 
CORRUPTION
CHALLENGES WAY FORWARD
1. DoPT Data  over 118 cases on corruption 1. APJ Abdul Kalam  to become corruption
charges are awaiting for govt sanction for free nation, key societal members must
prosecution engage i.e, father, mother, teacher
2. Delay of Investigation on part of ED on “Civil 2. Public choice theory process of checks and
Supplies Corruption case” of Chattisgarh  balances system
3. Political nexus 3. Neeraj Dutta case  preponderence of
4. Misguide moral compass probability
5. Paradox of vigilante units vs corruption 4. NDLD-G20  high level principles on anti-
nexus corruption
6. Soft society  G Myrdal 5. Vinith Narayan case  insulation from
political pressure to institutions
6. TSR Subramaniam case 
1. Vigilance commissions  CVC CBI ED LKP LLYKT
2. Acts 
• Poca, BTPA, Whistler blowers protection act, RTI act
1. Institutional  CPGRAMS, NESDA portal, public
services enquiry act,
2. Operational  AICS conduct + disciplinary and
appeal rules, IPC
PUBLIC FUND MANAGEMENT
1. Establishing social contract as per Hobbes,
Kaultiya's arthashastra [credibility of govt
depends on its treasury ]

FEATURES/PILALRS:
CONCERNS
1. Lawfulness of usage
1. Common
2. Transparency
2. Under- & Over- utilization
3. Accountability
3. Centralization
4. Efficiency
4. Shor-term thinking
5. Maximining public welfare
5. Outdated techs
6. Inclusive utilization  fairness
7. Decentralized participation
8. Sustainability
CORPROATE
INITIATIVES

GOVERNANCE
1. Sir Adrian Cadbury  “system of rules, regulations,
1. The Companies Act of 2013  board constitution, audit
process, management affairs
2. Clause 49 of the Listing Agreement to Indian Stock exchange
SOP’s by which companies are directed and
3. Accounting standards by Institute of Chartered Accountants
controlled”
 Spells out rules & procedures for making rules of India
 Distribution of rights & responsibilities among 4. Secretarial standards by Institute of Company Secretaries of
India
different stakeholders
5. Advanced pricing arrangement 
1. Stakeholders  Principles of OECD
6. CSR SYSTEM
2. Vinod rai former CAG initiated this reform
7. Tata code of conduct 
3. Diagram 
• Legality + Ethicality + Profitability
• Profit + people + Planet + Purpose
• Hannah Ardent  “Labour + Work + Action”
1. Gandhi’s  “Commerce without morality”
CORPROATE
GOVERNANCE
CHALLENGES/ WAY FORWARDS
1. Enforcing accountability & transparency mechanisms -VE EXAMPLES
to board of directors 1. Insider training practices  Hindustan Lever ltd in 1996
2. Objective performance evaluation 2. Glass ceiling concerns over women & marginalized
3. Code of conduct on corporate governance sections  who cannot overcome such ceilings
4. Imbibing right aptitude training process, risk 3. Discriminations, harassment on workers
management practices, 4. Environmental ethics lapses
5. Effective internal audit functioning 5. Dynamic pricing mechanism  exploitation region wise
by Amazon in 2000
6. Greenwashing, Greedflation,
7. Conflicts of of interest with governments
8. RAU’s IAS study circle Flouted building construction
1. Uday Kotak Panel
 Transparent recruitment mechanism, minimum norms which eventually led to death of 3 students
6 on BoD function, a
 udit committee,
 specialization of functions
 Effective governance infra
CORPROATE
SIGNIFICANCE:
GOVERNANCE
+VE EXAMPLES
1. Positive sentiment in the minds & protecting the interests 1. Corporate Social Responsibility  1-1-1 philanthropic
of investors & regulators  increased investment model [1% of product, equity, employees’ time for
2. Restoring trust decay on corporates [ford recalling 15M common good]
pintos in 1975 due to fire safety issues] customer centric 2. Education  Pearson's project literacy program, Tata
corporate activism consultancy services IT Wiz
3. Effective management practices & resources  efficiency 3. Environment  Mahindra group’s “Go Green initiative”,
4. Growing reputation  increased profits & business Coca-Cola’s “Plant Bottle”, Godrej’s “good & green”
performance 4. Health  reliance “Mobile Medical Units”, Apollo “Save A
5. Positive work culture  employee & employers' Child’s Heart”
satisfaction 5. Employment  Infosys “Employability Program”, ITC’s
6. Right aptitude inculcation  professionalism, leadership & Livelihood programme
work skills on stakeholders
7. Ethical & inclusive corporate structure  women pay
parity,
8. Promoting common good for the society  As validating
trusteeship model of governance, compassionate
capitalism as Narayan Murthy said
GREED
MORAL EXAMPLES
1. Ratan Tata in Covid pandemic
2. Elon musk donating
3. Sudha murthy
GREED 4. Azim premji
1. Gandhi’s philosophy 7 sins commerce without morality 5. James stephenson Donaldson-youtuber
• Trusteeship model  6. Compassionate capitalism by Narayan
1. Jaina principle of “Aparigraha” or non-attachment murthy
2. Concept of aprigrapha  concept of non-possessions 7. JRD Tata
3. Earth can satisfy man’s need not, greed 8. Warren Buffet  Oracle of Omaha, donated
4. Self-interest/greed by Thomas hobbes 10LC to bill & Melinda gates
5. Allegory of cave scenario  plato insisted people to
reject illusion & shadows of physical & material world
POSITIVE
6. Thomas Hobbes  humans are primarily motivated by
1. Article 38 of DPSP in indian constitution
self-interests
2. Jean Jacques Rousseau  people should
7. Iron cage reality by Max Weber  humans are
promote common good
circumcised by their personal interests
3. Categorical imperative of Kant
4. By practicing verstehn  Weber
5. By understanding historical materialism  Marx
6. Corporate Social Responsibility  1-1-1
philanthropic model
 MORAL EXAMPLES

SCIENCE & 1. Ratan Tata in Covid pandemic

2. Elon musk donating
3. Sudha murthy

ETHICS
1.
2.
3.
Homi J Bhabha  science & ethics must go hand-in-hand
Albert Einstein 
John Wheeler hydrogen bomb
4. Azim premji
5. James stephenson Donaldson-youtuber
6. Compassionate capitalism by Narayan
4. M Visveswaraya  murthy
5. APJ Abdul kalam  missile man of india 7. JRD Tata

POSITIVE
1. Article 38 of DPSP in indian constitution
2. Jean Jacques Rousseau  people should
promote common good
3. Categorical imperative of Kant
4. By practicing verstehn  Weber
5. By understanding historical materialism  Marx
6. Corporate Social Responsibility  1-1-1
philanthropic model
WESTERN
SOCRATES:
PHILOSOPHERS
1. Values of self-knowledge, self-
control, justice
PLATO:
1. Wisdom  highest virtue,
which can be achieved via
THOMAS HOBBES:
1. Form of social contract btw
government & ruled
2. Pursuit of knowledge is the
reflection & reason 2. Idea of self interest
highest goal
2. Temperance  self-control & 3. Absolute sovereignty on ruler in
3. Injustice shud not be replied with
moderation social contract
injustice
3. Justice Is ultimate virtue 4. Justice
4. One Shud Speak truth to Power 
4. Common good 5. Equality
Whistle blowers
5. Philosopher-king
5.

MAX WEBER:
1. Bureaucracy
2. Studying ideal types of a
phenomena for better
understanding
3. Understating verstehen for social
coherence
4. Value rational actors
5. Iron cage reality
WESTERN
PHILOSOPHERS

JOHN RAWLS PHILOSOPHY: LOCKE:

1. Original position with veil of 1. Natural rights
ignorance  impartial decision 2. Social contract form of
2. Maxim principle  maxim interest government
of least well-off 3. Limited government with
3. Differential principle  separation of powers
JEAN PAUL SARTRE: inequalities arranged for the best 4. Empiricism
1. Existence with essence of life existentialists of least well-off 5. Civil society
crisis 4. Just society with basic liberties 6. Religious tolerance
2. Life choices must be based on authenticity
3. Freedom
4. Corporate governance
WESTERN
FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE: JEREMY BENTHAM: I KANT:
PHILOSOPHERS
1. Interest on will to power is the
fundamental corrupting agency
1. Pleasure, plain, utility reality
2. Principle of utilitarianism
1. 2 types of knowledge
2. Categorical imperative
2. Nihilism  rejection traditional 3. Hedonistic calculus for 3. Transcendental idealism 
inward-looking ideologies measuring pain, pleasure knowledge
3. Atheism 4. Law reforms 4. Good will
4. Moral relativism  ideas are not 5. Liberty & equality 5. Kingdom of ends
absolute truth 6. Animal welfare 6. Universalizability
5. Amor Fati  embracing one’s own
destiny & life events J S MILL: JEAN ROUSSEAU:
1. Harm principle 1. Popular sovereignty
KARL MARX: 2. Democracy 2. General will
1. Historical materialism 3. Liberty, individuality 3. Social contract
2. Dialectical materialism 4. Utilitarians 4. Natural; goodness
3. Class struggle 5. Education
4. Communism 6. Common good
FIREDRICH HEGEL:
5. Alienation by capitalism 7. Just society
1. Culture is based on Geist
2. Master-salve dialect
3. Historical progression
4. Rationality
INDIAN
MIMASA SCHOOL BY
PHILOSOPHERS
GANDHI JI: QUOTES:
JAMINI: 1. Lok Niti over Raj Niti 1. Talent is Equally distributed; But
1. Dharma 2. Emphasis on Duties over opportunity is not
2. Artha Rights
3. Karma
4. Moksha
5. The vedas
CASE STUDIES:

APPROACH:
1. Deontological based
2. Teleological based
3. Descriptive ethics
4. Utilitarian ethics  for greater good